Emergent Management of Thermal Burns in Emergency Rooms Saudi Arabia - A Review

According to WHO statistics, over 300,000 people die each year by burns, and more dying from electric burns, scalds or other causes of burns. Burn injuries and wounds are typically fatal. And they can cause serious long-term implications for victims. The most important aspect in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with burns is to prevent them. Exposure of tissue to an external high temperature source causes thermal burns. Burns that occur at greater temperatures or over longer periods of time cause deeper and more serious injuries. Because burn patients are the most common trauma patients, the initial step in treating them should be to assess and stabilize their airway, breathing, and circulation according to ATLS standards. Supportive care should include crystalloid resuscitation, blood composition, and potentially endotracheal intubation. In this review we will be looking at thermal burns epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and most importantly management.

Comparison of the ficus for the wound healing activity in various species

Injuries and wounds are any sorts of damage to the skin or subcutaneous tissue. Usually, any wounds of such sorts are self-healed. Sometimes, there may be a delay in healing, and that delay is caused due to the functional delays in various processes of wound healing. All the Ficus plants show similar activities like the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties 7including skin conditions like ulcers and rheumatism. The anthelmintic property and immunomodulatory are also seen. The herbal extracts of the same family of Ficus in different plants were investigated for the wound healing activity in the excision wound method, and the extracts showed significant activity compared to the drug. All the extracts showed a better healing ability, but the extract of FBO-100 showed the highest activity followed by FMO followed by FHO and finally the FRO. Overall, the activity of the extract ointment was comparable and was significant compared to the standard drug ointment. The wound closure of the extract ointment treated groups were better and were completed in 12 days, and the activity was more than 96%. The herbal extracts of the same family of Ficus in different plants were investigated for the wound healing activity in the excision wound method, and the extracts showed significant activity compared to the drug. The plants of microcarpa, benghalensis, religiosa and hispida are compared for the activity, and the order showed for the activity was FBO>FMO>FHO>FRO.

Medications and bruises: past, present, and future

The literature review shows that modern standards of treatment of diseases, as well as forms of statistical reporting of medical institutions do not include bruising as an independent disease and/or complication of drug therapy. Ancient and modern textbooks and reference books on drugs do not contain indications of the presence of drugs that cause bruising and/or vice versa, discoloring the skin in the area of bruises. Official medicine does not offer medications for urgent skin discoloration in the area of bruises. However, bruises have been known for a long time, and people have been fighting them for a long time, but without much success. It is shown that bruises are blood-stained areas of the skin that often occur when hitting hard objects in everyday life, injuries and wounds, as well as when injecting drugs and using drugs that thin the blood. Usually bruises disappear on their own after 5 to 8 days. The true bruising is most likely to occur when bites of snakes such as Gyurza and Viper, when injecting drugs such as heparin and its substitutes, as well as when injecting donor blood and when through-piercing veins with injection needles. Throughout the history of mankind, these facts have not been used sufficiently to analyze the causes of bruising, the possibilities of their diagnosis, prevention and elimination. This was done at the beginning of the 21st century in Russia. At the same time, the biological and clinical essence of the bruises was revealed. This scientific discovery made it possible to explain the absence of bruises in the list of diseases, offer a clinical classification of bruises, and discover drugs that can immediately discolor the skin in the area of bruises. This group of drugs has received names such as bruising bleachers, oxygen-alkaline bleachers, oxygen-alkaline bleach cleaners, blood bleachers and bleaching agents over the years. Their main ingredients are water, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hydrocarbonate.

The Reconstruction of a Bronze Battle Axe and Comparison of Inflicted Damage Injuries Using Neutron Tomography, Manufacturing Modeling, and X-ray Microtomography Data

A massive bronze battle axe from the Abashevo archaeological culture was studied using neutron tomography and manufacturing modeling from production molds. Detailed structural data were acquired to simulate and model possible injuries and wounds caused by this battle axe. We report the results of neutron tomography experiments on the bronze battle axe, as well as manufactured plastic and virtual models of the traumas obtained at different strike angles from this axe. The reconstructed 3D models of the battle axe, plastic imprint model, and real wound and trauma traces on the bones of the ancient peoples of the Abashevo archaeological culture were obtained. Skulls with traces of injuries originate from archaeological excavations of the Pepkino burial mound of the Abashevo culture in the Volga region. The reconstruction and identification of the injuries and type of weapon on the restored skulls were performed. The complementary use of 3D visualization methods allowed us to make some assumptions on the cause of death of the people of the Abashevo culture and possible intra-tribal conflict in this cultural society. The obtained structural and anthropological data can be used to develop new concepts and methods for the archaeology of conflict.

Medical grade honey for the treatment of paediatric abdominal wounds: a case series

Objective: Children are at high risk of injuries and wounds. The application of medical grade honey is a promising approach to improving the healing of wounds of various origin and severity. However, the use of medical grade honey in young paediatric patients remains limited. The aim of this study is to show the safety, efficacy and usefulness of medical grade honey in abdominal wounds, of different causes, in paediatric patients. Method: This was a prospective, observational case series evaluating five young infants with abdominal wounds at the General Hospital in Thessaloniki. All wounds were treated in the same manner with daily medical grade honey applied to the wound area and closely monitored. Results: All treated wounds rapidly presented granulation tissue formation and underwent re-epithelialisation. Peripheral oedema and inflammation decreased upon initial application. Necrotic tissue was effectively debrided when present. Slough was removed and no signs of infection were detected, irrespective of initial wound presentations. Scar formation was minimal and the full range of motion was preserved in all cases. Conclusion: Based on this case study, medical grade honey is safe and effective in treating different abdominal wounds, including infected or dehisced wounds as well as burns. The easy application and broad applicability make medical grade honey recommendable as a first-line treatment in paediatric patients.

Analysis of the availability of medicines for the treatment of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain

The most important areas that determine the effectiveness of the medical support system at all stages of providing medical assistance to servicemen is the rational use and availability of medicines and pharmaceutical assistance in general. Under the influence of the situation in eastern Ukraine, the instability of the market economy, the existing budget deficit for the military medical service, the availability of certain groups of drugs is of particular relevance, which fully applies to drugs for the pharmacotherapy of injuries and brain injuries. The purpose of the study is to analyze the availability of medicines for pharmacotherapy of injuries and wounds of the brain. In conducting the study, the following methods of analysis were used: system-review, bibliographic and marketing. Analysis of scientific literature data showed that for pharmacotherapy of craniocerebral wounds and injuries such groups of drugs as psychoanaleptics (N06), blood substitutes and perfusion solutions (B05), peripheral vasodilators (C04), calcium antagonists (C08), analgesics (N02) are used. and psycholeptic drugs (N05), etc., which counted 1 300 trade names of drugs. The analysis of the pharmaceutical market in recent years has allowed us to single out three main factors (index) affecting the growth of expenditures on drug provision for servicemen, the replacement index; inflation index; innovation index Analyzing the availability of drugs by price proposals, it was found that the number of inaccessible drugs decreased within five years by more than 30% and amounts to 7.93% or 103 drugs from the total range of drugs for medical support of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain. That is why it is advisable to conclude that the replacement index has almost no effect on reducing the level of drug costs for servicemen/ In the study of the inflation index, it was found that the pricing of domestic drugs depends on the level of inflation, the cost of foreign-made drugs is in direct proportion to the growth of the dollar. Analysis of the innovation index of the domestic drug market for medical support of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain showed that only 77 original drugs are used for pharmacotherapy, which is 5.92% of the total number of drugs.

Economic aspects of pharmacotherapy of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain

The fighting in the area of the antiterrorist operation led to a large number of injuries among servicemen who are serving in the east of the country. Injuries and wound of the brain occupy about 35–40% among the total level of injury. and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury is 70%. All this has determined the relevance of the study of medical treatment of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain., Numerous pharmacotherapeutic schemes have been proposed for the treatment of victims with this pathology, aimed at preventing brain hypoxia, improving metabolic processes, normalizing life support functions and intracranial pressure, and the price range of pharmacotherapy of this pathology varies considerably, that’s why the aim of our work is to establish the cost indicators of the main directions of pharmacotherapy of affected servicemen with injury and wound of the brain.The main directions of the pharmacotherapy of injuries and wounds of the brain have been identified as a result of the analysis of the scientific literature and primary medical documentation, which include: normalization of life-supporting functions and brain metabolism; treatment of intracranial hypertension; restoration of microcirculation and cerebral circulation; elimination of excitation and convulsions; antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, blood-resuscitating and symptomatic therapy. Analysis of the dependence of the cost of treatment on the severity of the affected servicemen with injury and wound of the brain showed that the most expensive is the pharmacotherapy of severe injuries and wounds, the average cost of treatment of the affected is 139,98 UAH for 1 patient per day. The average cost of medicines for the treatment of servicemen with injuries and wounds of medium and mild severity was 67,23 and 42,26 UAH per day respectively We analyzed the total costs spent on these directions of pharmacotherapy and found that the greatest cost is characterized by the costs of normalizing brain metabolism, the costs are 1 261,21 UAH per patient, this accounts for 38% of the total cost of medicines. Also, the most expensive directions are antibacterial – 649,27 UAH (19%) and analgesic therapy – 375,90 UAH (11%). The least expenses are expended on anti-inflammatory therapy, the cost of which is 19,96 UAH. Analyzing the daily cost of one day of treatment of affected it was found that the most expensive are the first 7 days of treatment.