Analysis of the availability of medicines for the treatment of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain

The most important areas that determine the effectiveness of the medical support system at all stages of providing medical assistance to servicemen is the rational use and availability of medicines and pharmaceutical assistance in general. Under the influence of the situation in eastern Ukraine, the instability of the market economy, the existing budget deficit for the military medical service, the availability of certain groups of drugs is of particular relevance, which fully applies to drugs for the pharmacotherapy of injuries and brain injuries. The purpose of the study is to analyze the availability of medicines for pharmacotherapy of injuries and wounds of the brain. In conducting the study, the following methods of analysis were used: system-review, bibliographic and marketing. Analysis of scientific literature data showed that for pharmacotherapy of craniocerebral wounds and injuries such groups of drugs as psychoanaleptics (N06), blood substitutes and perfusion solutions (B05), peripheral vasodilators (C04), calcium antagonists (C08), analgesics (N02) are used. and psycholeptic drugs (N05), etc., which counted 1 300 trade names of drugs. The analysis of the pharmaceutical market in recent years has allowed us to single out three main factors (index) affecting the growth of expenditures on drug provision for servicemen, the replacement index; inflation index; innovation index Analyzing the availability of drugs by price proposals, it was found that the number of inaccessible drugs decreased within five years by more than 30% and amounts to 7.93% or 103 drugs from the total range of drugs for medical support of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain. That is why it is advisable to conclude that the replacement index has almost no effect on reducing the level of drug costs for servicemen/ In the study of the inflation index, it was found that the pricing of domestic drugs depends on the level of inflation, the cost of foreign-made drugs is in direct proportion to the growth of the dollar. Analysis of the innovation index of the domestic drug market for medical support of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain showed that only 77 original drugs are used for pharmacotherapy, which is 5.92% of the total number of drugs.

Analysis of a large data set reveals haplotypes carrying putatively recessive lethal alleles with pleiotropic effects on economically important traits in beef cattle

BackgroundDeleterious recessive alleles can result in reduced economic performance in livestock in multiple ways in homozygous individuals: from early embryonic death, death soon after birth, to being non-lethal but causing reduced viability. While death is an easy phenotype to score, reduced viability is not as easy to identify. However, it can sometimes be observed as reduced artificial insemination (AI) conception rates, longer calving intervals, or higher hazard for live born animals.MethodsIn this paper, we searched for haplotypes carrying putatively recessive lethal alleles in 132,725 genotyped Irish beef cattle from five breeds: Aberdeen Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, and Simmental. We phased the genotypes in sliding windows along the genome and used five tests to identify haplotypes with absence of or reduced homozygosity. We then corroborated the identified haplotypes with reproduction records, indicating early embryonic death, and postnatal survival records. Finally, we assessed haplotype pleiotropy by estimating substitution effects on national estimates of breeding values for 15 economically important traits in beef production.ResultsWe found support for three haplotypes with carrying putatively recessive lethal alleles. The haplotypes were located on chromosome 14 in Aberdeen Angus, chromosome 19 in Charolais and chromosome 16 in Simmental. Their population frequencies is 15.2%, 14.4%, and 8.8%, respectively. All of the haplotypes showed pleiotropic effects on economically important traits for beef production. Their allele substitution effects are €3.23, €1.47, and €2.30 for the terminal index and -€3.15, -€0.75, and €1.12 for the replacement index, where one standard deviations are €18.32, €22.54, and €22.33 for terminal index and €29.52, €35.62, and €30.97 for the replacement index. We identified ZFAT as the candidate gene for lethality in Aberdeen Angus, several candidate genes for the Simmental haplotype, and no candidate genes for the Charolais haplotype.ConclusionsWe analysed genotype, reproduction, survival, and production data to discover haplotypes carrying putatively recessive lethal alleles in Irish beef cattle. We found support for three haplotypes. All three haplotypes have pleiotropic effects on economically important traits in beef production.