The Effect of Live Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on Milk Yield of Crossbred Dairy Cattle at Khumaltar, Nepal

A study was carried out to assess the effect of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Nutriferm™) on milk production at National Cattle Research Program Khumaltar Lalitpur from 19 March 2015 to 15 April 2015. Twenty crossbred cattle were selected randomly and divided into five treatment groups. Each group had four animals arranged in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Among five treatment groups, treatment (T1) was treated with 0.5 kg/MT of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) incorporated feed, treatment (T2) with 1 kg/MT SC, treatment (T3) with 1.5 kg/MT SC, treatment (T4) with 2 kg/MT SC and treatment (T5) as control without any live yeast inclusion in feed. Supplementation of the live yeast up to seventh day of the trial had statistically non-significant (P>0.05) effect on average milk yield per cattle between the treatments. Response of the yeast on mean milk yield per cattle between the treatments was found statistically different (P<0.05) on fourteenth day and twenty-eight day of the trial. On fourteenth day mean milk yield of control group (T4) was statistically significant with highest dose rate inclusion T4 only but remained non-significant with the rest of the lower dose rate treatments. With further supplementation of the yeast up to 28th day of the trial results showed the statistically significant effect with lower dose rate T2 as well with respect to control group besides T4. Hence, the result of this experiment indicates that supplementation of live yeast for at least 14 days has role in the enhancement of milk production in crossbred dairy cattle with faster effect by dose rate of T4 treatment.

Luminescence dating of aeolian–coastal events on the Kristianstad plain, SE Sweden

Aeolian–coastal sediments and landforms are excellent palaeoenvironmental archives, but chronological studies of coastal records are scarce in Sweden. In this study, we provide luminescence and radiocarbon ages of aeolian activity and coastal landscape evolution on the Kristianstad plain, SE Sweden, based on the investigations of two foredunes and two inland dunes at Åhus and Vittskövle. Additionally, we do a laboratory intercomparison of five young luminescence samples. The comparison shows a significant age difference most likely due to an instrumental difference. The equivalent dose cannot be determined accurately with the low irradiation times, and therefore, the results obtained from the reader with a lower dose rate are favoured and are largely supported by historical records. The oldest age, 11.6 ka, is from littoral sediments underlying an aeolian dune at Vittskövle and represents deposition in the Baltic Ice Lake. These deposits are topped by an organic horizon, which developed between AD 1476 and 1637, a time that partially corresponds with a short and abrupt climate warming in the ‘Little Ice Age’. The aeolian deposits are all younger. Sand mobilisation in the inland dunes took place around AD 1686–1799, related to forest destruction during war, intense cultivation of land or/and the coldest phase of the ‘Little Ice Age’. The foredunes are younger and were deposited at the beginning and in the end of the 20th century by easterly winds.

Measurement of the Residual Stresses and Investigation of Their Effects on a Hardfaced Grid Plate due to Thermal Cycling in a Pool Type Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor

In sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFR), grid plate is a critical component which is made of 316 L(N) SS. It is supported on core support structure. The grid plate supports the core subassemblies and maintains their verticality. Most of the components of SFR are made of 316 L(N)/304 L(N) SS and they are in contact with the liquid-metal sodium which acts as a coolant. The peak operating temperature in SFR is 550°C. However, the self-welding starts at 500°C. To avoid self-welding and galling, hardfacing of the grid plate has become necessary. Nickel based cobalt-free colmonoy 5 has been identified as the hardfacing material due to its lower dose rate by Plasma Transferred Arc Welding (PTAW). This paper is concerned with the measurement and investigations of the effects of the residual stress generated due to thermal cycling on a scale-down physical model of the grid plate. Finite element analysis of the hardfaced grid plate model is performed for obtaining residual stresses using elastoplastic analysis and hence the results are validated. The effects of the residual stresses due to thermal cycling on the hardfaced grid plate model are studied.

Activation of Implanted Phosphorus Ions into Silicon by Followed Hydrogen Ion Implantations

The activation of phosphorus implanted into n-type silicon (100) substrate by followed hydrogen ion(H +) implantation was studied by means of spreading resistance technique(SR), secondary ion mass spectroscopy(SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).“The activation ratio” defined by carrier concentration divided by phosphorus concentration was used as a measure of activation of phosphorus. The H + energy, dose and dose rate dependence of activation ratio of phosphorus was investigated.In the case of thermal annealing at 400 °C for 200 minutes the phosphorus atoms were not activated, on the other hand in the case of H + implantation at 400 °C the phosphorus atoms were activated and the activation ratio was increased almost proportionally with the dose. The SIMS data suggested that the depth profile of phosphorus atoms was not changed after activation by H + implantation. The activation ratio was increased with decreasing the dose rate. The TEM data suggested that the density of residual defects was reduced in the case of lower dose rate. The depth profile of activation ratio was similar to that of hydrogen atoms implanted at 20 °C. From these results the activation and recrystalization mechanism is discussed in the view of contribution of elastic collision process between H + ions and substrate atoms.

High Dose Rate Oxygen Implantation for Formation of Silicon-on-Insulator Structures

We have studied Separation by IMplantation of OXygen (SIMOX) processes using very high dose rates (40–60 μA/cm2). For a dose of 4 × 1017 O+/cm2 at 160 keV, the structure formed by implantation at 50 μA/cm2 is very similar to that associated with lower dose rates. The same dose implanted at a dose rate of 60 μA/cm2, however, results in the formation of pits in the silicon surface as well as a somewhat different oxide structure. Implantation through a surface oxide layer appears to result in a structure similar to that associated with lower dose rate implantation. These and higher dose samples suggest that the threshold for pit formation is related to both dose rate and dose.

Dose rate and temperature dependence of the critical dose for amorphization of CuTi-irradiated by 1 MeV electrons

The dose rate and temperature dependence of critical dose for amorphization of CuTi under electron irradiation was investigated in a temperature range from 10 to 260K and in a dose rate range from 1.0 × 10−4 to 1.5 × 10−3 dpa/sec, using the Argonne HVEM and a helium coding specimen stage. An alloy button of Cu-54at%Ti was prepared by arc-melting and subsequently annealed at 1173K for two days. HVEM samples were spark-cut and thinned by jet polishing. The irradiation was carried out in HVEM with a fully focused beam. The Gaussian flux distribution of the beam was utilized to study the dose rate dependence of amorphization.Fig. 1 shows a few example photographs taken during a sequence of irradiation. The irradiation was always carried out on a low index bend contour. An interruption in the bend contour appears at the beam center where the dose rate is highest, as the irradiation proceeds. With further irradiation, the interruption grows outward into regions of lower dose rate. The critical dose for amorphization was calculated from each micrograph by multiplying the irradiation time with the predetermined dose rate. The length of the interruption in the bend contour was taken as the diameter of a completely amorphized volume at the accumulated dose. About ten micrographs were usually taken during a sequence of irradiation.

The Influence of Dose Rate on the Formation of CrSi2 by Ion Mixing

ABSTRACTThe relationship between growth rate of CrSi2 and dose rate during Xe ion irradiation at 500K is investigated. Dose raies difffering by up to a factor of 40 have been utilized to study the relationship. For a fixed total dose, a lower dose rate results in a thicker silicide layer compound to a higher dose rate. The results are explained from radiation-enhanced diffusion theory.

The oestrogenicity of equol in sheep

ABSTRACT The effects of intramuscular injection of synthetic racemic equol (±3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro2H-1-benzopyran-7-ol) into wethers have been examined with respect to maintenance of plasma level, teat growth rate and the activity of the respiratory enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. At a dose rate of 1·03 mmol/day a steady rise in 'total' (free plus conjugated) equol in plasma occurred to 1·78μmol/l in 4 days. A dose rate of 2·07 mmol/day produced only a further slight increase in plasma equol. At a lower dose rate of 0·52 mmol/day the plasma concentration reached 0·62 μmol/l in 2 days and this was not exceeded thereafter. At the dose rate of 1·03 mmol/day over 7 days significant increases in teat length and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity occurred but no significant changes were observed at the dose rate of 0·52 mmol/day. It appears that threshold levels of intake of equol which maintain a plasma level of about 1·65 μmol/l are needed for oestrogenic effects to become apparent within a relatively short time. Administration of 1·03 mmol/day over 5 days to ovariectomized ewes produced significant increases in uterine weight equivalent to those produced by 92 nmol stilboestrol dipropionate. Thus stilboestrol was apparently 56000 times more potent than racemic equol. J. Endocr. (1984) 103, 395–399

Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine on establishment, production, and reproduction by Hymenolepis diminuta in the final and intermediate hosts

The effects of chronic administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) and histamine for 15 days, commencing 24 h after infection, on establishment, production, and reproduction by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta in the rat intestine have been studied. Chronic treatment with 5-HT at the rate of 10 or 20 mg/rat per 24 h neither affected parasite production (growth) nor caused a significant rejection of the infection by the rat host. The number of eggs shed by the parasite and the number of eggs per gravid proglottid were reduced over the final 24-h period prior to sacrifice of the hosts.Similar treatment with histamine at the higher dose rate resulted in a significant reduction in the size of the infection and a significant increase in average worm weight. The number of eggs per gram of faeces and per proglottid was significantly reduced, as was also the number of cysticercoids that developed in beetles (Tribolium confusum) that had been fed on the gravid proglottids from histamine-treated worms. Results at the lower dose rate were similar, although the changes were smaller. The histamine treatment may have induced an immunological response by the host to the infection similar to that previously reported for this particular host–parasite system at higher levels of infection or in challenge infections.