First Trimester Hemoglobin A1 and Risk for Major Malformation and Spontaneous Abortion

This chapter summarizes a landmark study on the association of first trimester hemoglobin A1 values with risk for spontaneous abortions and major fetal malformations during pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes. Is there a correlation between glycemic control during the first trimester and risk for spontaneous abortion and major malformations? Starting with this question, it describes the basics of the study, including study location, study population, amount of patients, study design, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

Effects of Berberine on Bloog Glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin A1, Serum Insulin, C–Peptide, Insulin Resistance and β– Cell Physiology

Objective: Determine effects of berberine (BBR) on bloog glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1, serum insulin, C – peptide, insulin resistance and β– cell physiology. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration: Department of Physiology Isra University and Animal house of Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam from August 2019 to February 2020. Methodology: A sample of 100 adult Wistar male rats was selected according to criteria of study and divided into 5 groups through random technique. Group A – negative controls (N/S 0.9%), Group B – positive control (diabetic rats – Alloxan 120 mg/kg) (i.p), Group C – E; Diabetic rat + BBR (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) respectively. Blood samples were collected from retro-orbital venous plexus by capillary tube. Sera were separated at 3000 rpm (15 minutes). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β – cell secretory activity (HOMA-β) were calculated by mathematical formula. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 21.0 (IBM, incorporation, USA) at 95% CI (P≤ 0.05). Results: The present study noted significant improvement of fasting and random blood glucose, glycated HbA1, serum insulin and C –peptide, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β – cell physiology. Conclusion: Berberine (BBR) ameliorates the bloog glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1, serum insulin, c – peptide, insulin resistance and β– cell physiology.

GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN ANALYSIS FOR FORENSIC DIAGNOSIS OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

Diagnosis of Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is challenging for forensic experts. In the current scenario, genetic analysis is rapidly gaining interest in forensic science. Previous studies are not only limited to using protein markers. In this regard, analysis of mRNA is also a key feature. Analysing mRNA offers insight into the diseases and mechanisms leading to death. It can also be used for forensic diagnostic purposes. This review article takes the help of this methodology to discuss about those mRNA species that can aid in the process of sudden cardiac death (SCD) diagnosis. These are mRNA encoding Heat Shock Protein (HSP), mRNA encoding Hemoglobin A1/2 & B, mRNA encoding Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDK4), mRNAs encoding Connexin 43 (Cx43) & Zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), mRNA encoding TNNI3, MYL3, TGFB1, MMP9, VEGFA and mRNA expressing Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP).Owing to the difficulty of diagnosing SCD, molecular markers are often developed that can aid in the process. Nowadays, mRNA is showing promising usefulness to supplement the process. Keywords: Sudden Cardiac Death, forensic, gene expression