PRESENT CONDITION OF MANGROVE ENVIRONMENT AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN TOMINI GULF, SULAWESI, INDONESIA

The mangroves in Tomini Gulf have been exploited for chiefly conversion of mangrove areas into shrimp cultivation and extraction of mangrove wood for various purposes. In this study, interpretation to available map and satellite images and ground check were conducted to describe intertidal environment conditions and general processes of coastal dynamic. At local scale, physiographic factors were used to classify mangrove sub-habitats. A total of 159 sample points were selected to observe structure of vegetation, and the revised two ways classification of Specht was applied to classify structural classification of vegetation. The criterion of mangrove disturbance was developed to classify disturbance level. Interview and field check were conducted to assess the successfulness of implemented rehabilitation programs. Results indicated that there were obvious changes in mangrove vegetation over much the intertidal environments, and these might influence the future development and regeneration of the mangroves. While most rehabilitation programs were unsuccessful, mangrove exploitations still continued. If a sustainable management plan is not developed, the degradation will continue and spread, and the mangrove will lose its ecological functions.

MENYIMAK PENOMENA PEMANASAN GLOBAL/PERUBAHAN IKLIM (La-Nina), ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN DAN MITIGASI KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN DI PULAU BALI

Up to now Bali island still suffering from light to heavy rainfall (August 2016), eventhough it must be hot season as usual (April to October). Such situation is recognised as La-Nina phenomenon. Methode empolyed in this study is collecting primary (direct field check) and scondary data (literature study). Results showed that, the La-Nina phenomena most affected coffee plantation farmers in the village of Sepang, district of Busungbiu, Buleleng regency. The coffee fruit fall out from stem branch prior to harvest time and becoming black in colour. In addition, some coffee fruit skin are white in colour in comparison to red to black during normal hot season. Land use change could also be seen over Bali. Increase sea level on some beaches are also another disaster around Bali. Such accidence was significantly happened on the beach of Lepang village, district of Banjarangkan, Klungkung regency. It was found that such increases puddling area of more or less five hectare of paddy rice field on that area. The global warming/climate change phenomenon also cause habitat loss of specific ancient crab who live in Nusa Penida beach and move into the Giri Putri holy cave to survive. However, the only government do to compromise and mitigate such abnormal environmental degradation would be by strengthening the essen of the Eka Karya botanical garden of Bedugul as an open green field area for refreshing.

Trace Evidence from Mars’ Past: Fingerprinting Transverse Aeolian Ridges

Linear dunes and human fingerprints share many characteristics. Both have ridges, valleys, and defects (minutiae) in the form of bifurcations and termination of ridgeline features. For dunes, determining how defects vary across linear and transverse dunefields is critical to understanding the physics of their formative processes and the physical forcing mechanisms that produce dunefields. Unfortunately, manual extraction of defect locations and higher order characteristics (type, orientation, and quality) from remotely sensed imagery is both time-consuming and inconsistent. This problem is further exacerbated when, in the case of imagery from sensors in orbit around Mars, we are unable to field check interpretations. In this research, we apply a novel technique for extracting defects from multiple imagery sources utilizing a robust and well-documented fingerprint minutiae detection and extraction software (MINDTCT: MINutiae DecTeCTion) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We apply our ‘fingerprinting’ approach to Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs), relict aeolian features commonly seen on the surface of Mars, whose depositional and formative processes are poorly understood. Our algorithmic approach demonstrates that automating the rapid extraction of defects from orbitally-derived high-resolution imagery of Mars is feasible and produces maps that allow the quantification and analysis of these features.

Factors Controlling the Development of Wine-Glass Forms in the Mountains of the Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The northern and northeastern parts of Iraq are mountainous areas and rugged topography with different erosional and morphological forms; among them are the wine-glass (erosional cirques) forms. They are developed in different shapes, sizes, and depths. In the outlets of the wine-glass forms; usually, alluvial fans are formed. The studied area is characterized by the presence of long and narrow anticlines with NW–SE trend that changes westward to E–W trend. The Cretaceous carbonate rocks form the main carapace of the majority of the mountains; however, locally Paleogene and/or Jurassic rocks form the carapace. In the core, rocks down to Devonian are exposed. In those anticlines where only Cretaceous rocks are exposed, no or very rarely wine-glass forms are developed. This is attributed to the Cretaceous carbonate rocks, which exist in huge thicknesses in many formations, with thickly bedded to massive nature and very hard erosion resisting rocks. Tens of the existing wineglass forms are studied to indicate the factors that control their development, which are the type of exposed rocks, their thicknesses, and hardness. To perform the aim of this study, different satellite imagery with different resolutions was used; besides using GIS technique and field check to improve the acquired date.

Spatial pattern analysis and identification type of open green space in Yogyakarta city

Open green Space is a spatial plan model aiming to maintain the quality of the environment. Nowadays, the number and distribution of Open green Space have decreased, particularly in urban areas. Such decline is due to many reasons, one of which is land conversion caused by social activities. This research aimed to analyse the distribution pattern and identify the type of Open green Space in Yogyakarta City. The method in this study using moran's I Index approach, GIS and direct field review. The results showed that the Open green Space was clustered with Moran's Index of 0,074594. Validation with field check indicated that there was an absence of even, thorough, and most recent Open green Space identification. Visual detection using high-resolution satellite images and aerial photos affirmed that many open green spaces had not been inventoried, justifying the need for data update in Yogyakarta City. The identification process resulted in different types of Open green Space, but the most widely distributed ones in Yogyakarta City were in the forms of Private yard, Office park, Green belt, and City Parks.

Precision and accuracy of the static GNSS system for surveying networks used in Civil Engineering

We implemented a field check for calibrating surveying equipment. It was geo-referenced with a Total Station Theodolite and by implementing procedures concerning repeatability and reproducibility. We carried out GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) static positioning with double frequency equipment, sensitizing occupation times, day times, uncorrected coordinates subjected to a differential correction procedure and type of coordinates obtained. This facilitated an evaluation of precision and accuracy for the GNSS system with the static method, which gave a global RMS (root mean square) error of 1 cm for conditions with no multi-path effect and 4cm for field calibration points close to buildings. Additionally, we found optimal results for occupation times of 30 minutes, and the need to use planar Cartesian coordinates to ensure compatibility with the surveys using electronic measurement of distances, which allows for the use of the static GNSS system in precise surveys for different applications in Civil Engineering.

Geostatistics and remote sensing methods in the classification of images of areas cultivated with citrus

This study compares the precision of three image classification methods, two of remote sensing and one of geostatistics applied to areas cultivated with citrus. The 5,296.52ha area of study is located in the city of Araraquara - central region of the state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The multispectral image from the CCD/CBERS-2B satellite was acquired in 2009 and processed through the Geographic Information System (GIS) SPRING. Three classification methods were used, one unsupervised (Cluster), and two supervised (Indicator Kriging/IK and Maximum Likelihood/Maxver), in addition to the screen classification taken as field checking.. Reliability of classifications was evaluated by Kappa index. In accordance with the Kappa index, the Indicator kriging method obtained the highest degree of reliability for bands 2 and 4. Moreover the Cluster method applied to band 2 (green) was the best quality classification between all the methods. Indicator Kriging was the classifier that presented the citrus total area closest to the field check estimated by -3.01%, whereas Maxver overestimated the total citrus area by 42.94%.