Ḥalāl linguistic meaning understanding among Non-Muslim in Malaysia

Ḥalāl discourse is not only familiar to Muslims, but also non-Muslims in Malaysia. This study discusses the response from non-Muslim in Malaysian ḥalāl discourse, with the objectives of identifying the ḥalāl linguistic meaning among non-Muslim in Malaysia. The discussion of meaning is based on the language interpretation which used in Sunni pragmatic research, such as how language is perceived either literal or figurative meanings based Mohamed & Yunis (2013) and Russell (1940) approach that focuses on the meaning and fact in his language theory. The data in the discussion related to the non-Muslims response towards 5 categories of ḥalāl implementation, namely ḥalāl food, ḥalāl certification, ḥalāl sign, ḥalāl name or brand of the product and ḥalāl supply chain. The data were the controversial ḥalāl issues from 2014 to 2018 taken from local newspapers such as Star Online. The discussion demonstrates that the understanding of non-Muslims linguistically can be traced from the keywords, such as understanding, compliance, awareness, acceptance and recognised which are denotatively having positive meanings. However, there are other words denotatively having negative meanings such as confusion and sensitivity. The result also shows ḥalāl does not only concern Muslims but non-Muslims as well. In principle, Islam does not prohibit non-Muslims from consuming the products offered based on guidelines recommended in Islam. The findings reveal that ḥalāl understanding in Malaysia still needs to be strengthened among non-Muslims. Therefore, the understanding and knowledge of ḥalāl implementation is the main pillar in maintaining the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims in this society.

La lingua nella riflessione di Vittore Pisani

The paper focusses on Vittore Pisani’s considerations about the nature of language and speech. A renowned scholar in historical linguistics, Pisani made nospecific contribution to theoretical topics. Nevertheless, in a series of passages from some of his papers the creative role of speakers and hearers is emphasized, and the observation is made that the products of their linguistic activity can be the models for new speech acts. For Pisani speech acts within a given social aggregate can be investigated to describe what they have in common at the various levels of analysis, and the results of this investigation can be organized into a “system of isoglosses”, which represent what is called a language. So, language is not an ideal entity with an autonomous existence and is organized regardless of the individual speech acts, but it is the result of a reconstruction that can vary according to the data on which it is based. Such a conception is in line with contemporary sociolinguistic and pragmatic research.

Utilisation of Budget as a Monitoring and Evaluation Tool and Sustainability of Community Agricultural Projects Supported by Caritas in Meru County, Kenya

The objective of the study was to establish the influence of utilisation of project budget as a monitoring and evaluation tool and sustainability of community agricultural projects supported by Caritas in Meru County, Kenya. A pragmatic research paradigm was adopted and a descriptive survey research design was utilised. A pragmatic research paradigm was adopted and a descriptive survey research design was utilised. The target population was 59 smallholder farmer groups and 24 Caritas Meru staff. The sample size was 51 smallholder farmer groups and the total sample size was 177 respondents. The data collection tools were questionnaires and interview guides. The collected data were coded and entered into the SPSS version 26 program for analysis. The qualitative data was analysed by way of grouping similar responses together and identifying the main themes from them. The linear regression and Pearson’s correlation (r) methods were utilised to evaluate the link between various variables. The multiple linear regression models determined the link between dependent and independent variables together with the moderating effect of the moderating variable. It is also used as the inferential statistics that inform the decision to reject or not reject the alternative hypothesis for the research study. The study found out that an increase in the utilisation of project budgets leads to an increase in the sustainability of the community agricultural project by Caritas in Meru County and vice versa. The study concludes that there is a significant relationship between utilisation of project budget as monitoring & evaluation and sustainability of community agriculture projects. The study recommends that to ensure the sustainability of community-based agricultural projects, the organisation should train farmers’ group leaders on leadership and management skills. The organisation should train farmers on best farming practices, record keeping and conflict management practices to avoid the collapse of groups.

Concepts as Tools of Legal Reasoning – How Pragmatics May Promote the Rationality of International Legal Discourse and the Work of Legal Scholars

Concepts are an important element of the way international lawyers think and talk about international law. They materialise as conceptual terms, such as ‘jurisdiction’, ‘self-defence’ and ‘abuse of rights’. To enable a critical evaluation of international law and legal discourse, it is important that single instances of use of such terms be fully understood. This task presupposes a full recognition of the social meaning of legal utterances. Conceptual terms are uttered not only to describe the law, but also to affect the beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of readers and listeners. International lawyers are acquainted with this social side of legal meaning but lack a theory firmly grounded in pragmatic research that can help them systematically describe and investigate it. This article provides precisely such a theory. Crucially, it also explains how the suggested theory of meaning may promote the rationality of international legal discourse and the work of legal scholars.

PRAGMATIC PROPERTIES OF APPLICATION FORMS OF UZBEK LANGUAGE FORMS

As with any language unit, the pragmatic aspect of the application forms has its own characteristics. Such units, which represent different meanings, add additional meanings to the main proposition in the communication process. Because the state of speech, or rather the relationship between the speaker and the listener, is the basis of pragmatic research. The pragmatic aspect is one of the new directions in Uzbek linguistics, It is important to study in a new aspect, ie pragmatically, the forms of communication used in the process of interpersonal communication in the Uzbek language. In Uzbek linguistics, the units of reference are interpreted in the form of stimuli, and in the researches of some linguists, they are interpreted as forms of appeals, and in the researches the forms of appeals are studied in detail. This article discusses the use of appeal units in the communication process, the pragmatic features of appeal forms, including dysphemisms, the deictic functions of appeal forms, the presuppositional features, and the role and importance of nonverbal means in address expression.