Explaining Aggregated Recovery Rates

This study on explaining aggregated recovery rates (ARR) is based on the largest existing loss and recovery database for commercial loans provided by Global Credit Data, which includes defaults from 5 continents and over 120 countries. The dependence of monthly ARR from bank loans on various macroeconomic factors is examined and sources of their variability are stated. For the first time, an influence of stochastically estimated monthly growth of GDP USA and Europe is quantified. To extract monthly signals of GDP USA and Europe, dynamic factor models for panel data of different frequency information are employed. Then, the behavior of the ARR is investigated using several regression models with unshifted and shifted explanatory variables in time to improve their forecasting power by taking into account the economic situation after the default. An application of a Markov switching model shows that the distribution of the ARR differs between crisis and prosperity times. The best fit among the compared models is reached by the Markov switching model. Moreover, a significant influence of the estimated monthly growth of GDP in Europe is observed for both crises and prosperity times.

Applying switching and multiple access model for reducing packet loss and network overheads in watm

As an effectual simple wireless equivalent created in the telecommunications (telephone) industry, Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode (WATM) is utilized to stream unified traffics like video, data, and voice data. In the asynchronous data transfer mode, voice data transfer a packet with the same medium, and data share the networks and burst data. Effective WATM data transmission requires an extensive array of designs, techniques used for control, and simulation methodologies. The congestion of the network is among the key challenges that lower the entire WATM performance during this procedure, in addition to the delay in cell and the overload of traffic. The congestions cause cell loss, and it requires expensive switches compared to the LAN. Consequently, in this current study, the application of an effectual switching model together with a control mechanism that possesses multiple accesses is employed. The multiple access process and switching model are utilized to establish an effective data sharing process with minimum complexity. The switching model uses the synchronous inputs and output ports with buffering to ensure the data sharing process. The traffic in the network is decreased, and the loss of packets in the cells is efficiently kept to a minimum by the proposed technique. The system being discussed is employed through the utilization of software employed using OPNET 10.5 simulation, with the valuation of the WATM along with the investigational outcomes accordingly. The system's efficiency is assessed by throughput, latency, cell loss probability value (CLP), overhead network, and packet loss. Thus, the system ensures the minimum packet loss (0.1 %) and high data transmission rate (96.6 %)

An Exponential Endogenous Switching Regression with Correlated Random Coefficients

This paper presents a method for estimating the average treatment effects (ATE) of an exponential endogenous switching model where the coefficients of covariates in the structural equation are random and correlated with the binary treatment variable. The estimating equations are derived under some mild identifying assumptions. We find that the ATE is identified, although each coefficient in the structural model may not be. Tests assessing the endogeneity of treatment and for model selection are provided. Monte Carlo simulations show that, in large samples, the proposed estimator has a smaller bias and a larger variance than the methods that do not take the random coefficients into account. This is applied to health insurance data of Oregon.

Robust Asynchronous Fuzzy Predictive Fault-Tolerant Tracking Control for Nonlinear Multiphase Batch Processes with Time-Varying Tracking Trajectories

A T-S model-dependent robust asynchronous fuzzy predictive fault-tolerant tracking control scheme is developed for nonlinear multiphase batch processes with time-varying tracking trajectories and actuator faults. Firstly, considering the influence of the mismatch between the previous phase state and the current phase controller during the switching, a T-S fuzzy switching model including the match and mismatch case is established. Depending on the fuzzy switching model, a robust fuzzy predictive fault-tolerant tracking controller is designed by considering the situation whether the model rules correspond to the controller rules. Secondly, using the related theories and methods, the system stability conditions presented by the linear matrix inequality considering the above conditions are provided to guarantee the stability of the system. By solving these stability conditions, the T-S fuzzy control law gain of each phase, the minimum running time of each match case and the maximum running time of each mismatch case are obtained. Then, through the maximum running time, the strategy of the switching signal in advance is adopted to avoid the occurrence of asynchronous switching, so as to ensure that the system can operate stably. Finally, the simulation results verify that the designed controller is effective and feasible.

Theoretical and Experimental Research on Switching Optimization of No. 9 Single Turnout with 60-kg/m Rails

Based on the necessity of optimizing the structure of No. 9 single turnouts of 60-kg/m rails, we addressed the issues associated with existing turnout switching design methods. Based on finite element analysis, we established a refined calculation model for turnout switching. The model can determine the plane alignment of a switch rail separated from the stock rail based on the actual force acting upon the switch rail. The obtained plane alignment is consistent with the actual situation and is thus reliable. Based on the established turnout switching model, the minimum flangeway width and dynamics between the strokes of the first and second traction points under different conditions were analyzed by numerical simulations. Accordingly, we propose an optimized scheme that takes 160 mm and 85 mm as the stroke value for the first and second traction points, respectively. The scheme helps to meet the requirements for minimum flangeway width while making the deformation of the switch rail more even and therefore minimizing the traction power. Based on the proposed design, trial production and laying of the new No. 9 single turnout with a 60-kg/m rail was conducted, and a switching test was performed. The switching forces at the first and second traction points of the new No. 9 turnout were approximately 1200 and 2000 N, respectively, which were higher than those of existing No. 9 turnouts with 60-kg/m steel rails. Besides, the minimum flangeway width satisfies the requirement for safe vehicle passage with a safety margin of 3–5 mm. The test results proved the effectiveness of the proposed turnout switching design method and parameter optimization scheme.

Sequence Recognition by a Pseudorotational Cycle of Sugar Puckers: A Base Pair Switching Model via N-E Sugar Pucker Conversion for Homologous Recombination

A triplex DNA model bound to a helical filament of homologous recombination protein, such as Escherichia coli RecA, is presented. This model suggests that a function of the nucleoprotein filament could be at least partly attributed to the lowering of transition energy of duplex DNA structure having the E-type sugar puckers. Key events during homologous recombination such as sequence recognition, base pair switching and elongation/contraction of the helical pitch may correlate with the pseudo-rotation angle of sugar puckers along the N-, E-, S- and W-types. A conformational change of sugar puckers during the reaction is resolved into two motions by introducing a pair of parameters, μ1 and ν3, which defines a swing orientation of bases and a torsional angle of phosphate backbones, respectively.

Existence and Uniqueness of Nontrivial Periodic Solutions to a Discrete Switching Model

To control the spread of mosquito-borne diseases, one goal of the World Mosquito Program’s Wolbachia release method is to replace wild vector mosquitoes with Wolbachia-infected ones, whose capability of transmitting diseases has been greatly reduced owing to the Wolbachia infection. In this paper, we propose a discrete switching model which characterizes a release strategy including an impulsive and periodic release, where Wolbachia-infected males are released with the release ratio α1 during the first N generations, and the release ratio is α2 from the (N+1)-th generation to the T-th generation. Sufficient conditions on the release ratios α1 and α2 are obtained to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of nontrivial periodic solutions to the discrete switching model. We aim to provide new methods to count the exact numbers of periodic solutions to discrete switching models.

Online to offline social interaction on gaming motivations

PurposeThis research examined the social interactions of online game players based on the proposed motivation model in order to understand the transitions of motivation of online game. The authors also separated samples into four categories to compare the difference of different type of online game players.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposed a motivation model for online game player based on existence–relatedness–growth theory. The authors also analyze the transitions of motivations via first-order and second-order Markov chain switching model to obtain the journey of online to offline socialization.FindingsTeamwork–socialization players preferred to make friends in their online gaming network to socialize. Competition–socialization players were mostly students who played games to compete and socialize and may share experience in online or offline activities. Teamwork–mechanics players purely derived pleasure from gaming and were not motivated by other factors in their gaming activities. Competition–mechanics players may already have friends with other gamers in real life.Research limitations/implicationsMore samples can be added to generate more generalizable findings and the proposed motivation model can be extended by other motivations related to online gaming behavior. The authors proposed a motivation model for online to offline socialization and separated online game players into four categories: teamwork–socialization, competition–socialization, teamwork–mechanics and competition–mechanics. The category of teamwork–socialization may contribute to online to offline socialization area. The category of competition–mechanics may add value to the area of traditional offline socialization. The categories of competition–socialization and teamwork–mechanics may help extant literature understand critical stimulus for online gaming behavior.Practical implicationsThe authors’ findings can help online gaming industry understand the motivation journey of players through transition. Different types of online games may have various online game player's journey that can assist companies in improving the quality of online games. Online game companies can also offer official community to players for further interaction and experience exchange or the platform for offline activities in the physical environment.Originality/valueThis research proposed a novel motivation model to examine online to offline socializing behavior for online game research. The motivations in model were interconnected via the support of literature. The authors also integrated motivations by Markov chain switching model to obtain the transitions of motivational status. It is also the first attempt to analyze first-order and second-order Markov chain switching model for analysis. The authors’ research examined the interconnected relationships among motivations in addition to the influential factors to online gaming behavior from previous research. The results may contribute to extend the understanding of online to offline socialization in online gaming literature.