GC-MS ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ETHANOL LEAVES EXTRACT OF SPHENOCENTRUM JOLLYANUM AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES.

Sphenocentrum jollyanum is a plant genus of the family Menispermaceae. It has high medicinal importance as it is used traditionally to treat various diseases such as jaundice, breast engorgement related to the menstrual cycle, tumour, fibroids and improve the health of people. The present investigation was carried out to analyze the bioactive compounds present in ethanol crude extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum leaves using GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract Sphenocentrum jollyanum was done using a 7890A GC system (Agilent Technologies), coupled with 5977B MSD (Agilent Technologies) while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. A total of 45 bioactive compounds representing 99.98% of the total extract based on the retention time, peak area, molecular formula, molecular weight, and biological activities were identified by GC-MS which ranges from high molecular weight to low molecular weight compounds. The major compounds identified with their peak area percentages were 2,4-Di-tertbutylphenol, (21.05%), Z-8-Methyl-9-tetradecenoic acid (19.12), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (7.86%), Diisooctyl phthalate (7.13%), Phytol, Oleic Acid (7.03), 6,9,12- Octadecatrien-1-ol (6.65%), 3-Eicosene, (E)-(4.63%), 2-Methyl-Z, Z-3,13-octadecadienol (4.24%), n- Hexadecanoic acid (4.09%), trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (3.81%), Cyclohexene, 4-(4-ethylcyclohexyl) -1- pentyl- (3.74%), Dibutyl phthalate (3.20%), and 9-Oxabicyclo (6.1.0) nonane, cis-(3.18%). The presence of these major phytoconstituents in the leaf extract provides various biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumour which supports the ethno-medicinal uses of the plant in curing diseases. We recommend

Exploring the Characterization of biodegradable plastic “polyhyroxybutrate” (PHB) from Bacillus siamensis PHB 01 (MW440618) isolated from termite mound soil of Western Ghats of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

The present study was aimed to explore the characterization of polyhydroxy butrate extracted from the bacterial strain under optimized conditions for the production of bioplastic. Under optimized fermentation conditions, Polyhydroxy butrate (PHB) was extracted and subjected to examine their properties via Thin Layer Chromotogram (TLC), Gas Chromotogram- Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum (FTIR). The presence of a brown spot in the TLC plate indicates the presence of hydroxylgroup which is similar to the polymer group. GC-MS analysis of extracted PHB shows peaks at the retention time of 3.8, 11.6 which is corresponding to octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, butyl -2-ethylester confirms the presence of polymeric nature in the extracted PHB. The absorption bands of FTIR at 1719–1720 cm −1 indicate the presence of C=O group of PHB. The absorption peaks at wave numbers 500-1000 cm -1 , 1055 cm -1 and 1230 cm -1 denotes (OH) group, (C–O) stretch and (C=O) ester group. From these results, it was confirmed that the extracted PHB is having the potential to replace petroleum plastic.

Newly Synthesized Micro-Nano Transition Metal Complexes of Hexadecanoic Acid as Anti-Microbial Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Investigations

The synthesis of several metal complexes of d-block elements of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) and its antimicrobial activity was reported in this study. UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy studies were used to characterize and confirm the produced metal complexes by the shift in the absorbance and the formation of M-O linkage. The X-ray diffraction method was mainly used to examine the crystallographic faces of the complexes based on the transition metals. Thermal gravimetric investigation revealed that all metal palmitate complexes had high thermal stability in the range of 250-300°C. The metal complexes of hexadecanoic acid were examined for microbicidal activity against diverse bacterial strains and fungal pathogens using the agar well diffusion method. The copper palmitate complex presented excellent antibacterial activity among the other metal complexes. These outcomes suggest of using fatty acid metal complexes as a suitable candidate in several biomedical applications.

GC-MS ANALYSIS PROFILE AND BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF FLOWERS OF Bergenia ciliata, A WEED OF ROCK CREVICES

Bergenia ciliata is a weed of hilly areas of Pakistan that generally grows in rock crevices. In the present study, flowers of this weeds were collected from Murree. The dried flowers were extracted in methanol and subjected to GC-MS analysis that showed 7 compounds in it. The predominant compound was hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (48.88%) followed by γ-sitosterol (22.56%). Moderately occurring compound was cyclohexane, 1,3,5-triphenyl- (12.87%). The remaining compounds namely n-hexadecanoic acid (4.97%), pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester (3.77%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z)- (2.94%) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (2.92%) were categorized as less abundant compounds. Literature survey indicated that these compounds possess antimicrobial, larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and/or antidiabetic properties.

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FLOWERS OF Vinca major, A MEDICINAL WEED PLANT OF HILLY AREAS OF PAKISTAN

Vinca major L. is an evergreen perennial weed of family Apocynaceae, growing naturally in hilly areas of Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Flowers of this weed were collected from Khanspur, Ayubia during June 2021, shade dried and extracted in pure methanol for two weeks. After filtration, the extract was analyzed by GC-MS for identification of possible bioactive compounds. α-Amyrin was the major compounds (32.49%) followed by lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (25.72%). Moderately abundant compounds included γ-sitosterol (8.78%), β-amyrone (7.25%), cyclohexane, 1,3,5-triphenyl- (7.01%), olean-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (5.68%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (3.18%). Some of the identified compounds have various important biological properties including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor etc.

Peptoniphilus Colimassiliensis sp. nov. and Peptoniphilus Urinimassiliensis sp. nov., Two New Species Isolated From Humans

Strains Marseille-P3761 and Marseille-P3195 are representatives of two bacterial species isolated from human specimens. Strain Marseille-P3761 was isolated from the stool of a healthy volunteer, while strain Marseille-P3915 was cultivated from the urine of a kidney transplant recipient. Both strains are anaerobic Gram-positive cocci bacteria. Both are catalase-negative and oxidase-negative and grow optimally at 37°C in anaerobic conditions. They also metabolize carbohydrates such as galactose, glucose, fructose, and glycerol. The major fatty acids were hexadecanoic acid for both strains, Marseille-P3761 (38%) and Marseille-P3195 (31%). The highest DNA-DNA hybridization values of Marseille-P3761 and Marseille-P3195 strains when compared to their closest phylogenetic relatives were 52.3% and 56.4%, respectively. The morphological, biochemical, phenotypic and genomic characteristics strongly support that these strains are new members of the Peptoniphilus genus. Thus, we suggest that strains Marseille-P3761 (CSUR P3761 = CCUG71569) and Marseille-P3195 (CSUR P3195 = DSM 103468) are the type strains of two new Peptoniphilus species, for which we propose the names Peptoniphilus colimassiliensis sp. nov. and Peptoniphilus urinimassiliensis sp. nov., respectively.

Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa Plant of Mongolian Origin

Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa is used in Mongolian traditional medicine due to its numerous reported health-promoting effects. To date, there are very few scientific reports that describe this species. In this article, its volatile oil composition, lipid extract composition, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antibacterial and allergenic properties are elucidated for the first time. Hexadecanoic acid, fokienol and tricosane were determined as the most notable components of the volatile oil, at 13.13, 11.46 and 5.55%, respectively. Methyl benzoate was shown to be the most abundant component of lipid extract at 40.69, followed by (E)-prop-2-enoic acid, 3-phenyl- and benzenepropanoic acid, at 18.55 and 9.97%. With a TPC of 6.620 mg GAE g−1 and TFC of 10.316 mg QE g−1, the plant extract of O. pseudoglandulosa indicated good antioxidant activity measured by IC50 at 18.761 µg mL−1. Of the 12 tested microorganisms, B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae were the shown to be most susceptible to the plant extract, with MIC at 2.081 and 0.260% (v/v), respectively. Bet v 1—a major birch pollen allergen found in plant-based foods—was determined to be at 192.02 ng g−1 with ELISA. Such a wide spectrum of biological activity indicated by O. pseudoglandulosa lends credence for its application in food industry. Its exerted antioxidant and antimicrobial effects could improve preservation of low-processed food dedicated for consumers afflicted with allergies. Hexadecanoic acid supplemented in foods with dietary plant extracts could add to the potential anti-inflammatory impact. The analysis of lipid makeup suggests O. pseudoglandulosa extract could also be considered as natural pesticide in organic farming.

Dynamics of Leaf- and Root-Specific Biomarkers during 1-Year of Litter Decomposition

Root-specific and leaf-specific biomarkers have been used for decades to identify the origin of organic materials in soils and sediments. However, quantitative approaches require appropriate knowledge about the fate of these indicator molecules during degradation. To clarify this issue, we performed a 1-year incubation experiment with fine root and leaf material of six temperate tree species: European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Oak spec. (Quercus spec.), Linden spec. (Tilia spec.), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvatica). Only one molecule, x,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid (x,16-C16), could be validated as a general leaf-specific biomarker for the set of all species. For roots, no general root biomarker was found. Ester-bound tricosanol (C23-OH) could be validated for five out of six species; 20-hydroxy eicosanoic acid (ωC20) could be validated for four out of six species, leaving Norway spruce without a suitable root biomarker. The results of this study suggest that the validity of leaf- and root-derived ester-bound lipids as biomarkers is highly species dependent and does not always coincide with previous findings. Concentrations of root- and leaf-derived ester-bound lipids did not stay constant within 1 year of degradation and changed without a linear trend. The change of concentrations seems to be highly species dependent. This might be due to a different structure and arrangement of the individual monomers in cutin and suberin per species, and, therefore, a different accessibility of bond cleaving enzymes. The usefulness of root and leaf biomarkers is context dependent. Our results suggest that general assumptions about litter input to forest soils solely based on biomarker analysis have to be considered carefully.

Soxhlet Extraction versus Hydrodistillation Using the Clevenger Apparatus: A Comparative Study on the Extraction of a Volatile Compound from Tamarindus indica Seeds

The present study aims to compare two traditional extraction techniques. A volatile compound from Tamarindus indica seed was obtained with Soxhlet extraction (SE) and hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus (HDC). The extraction yield and chemical composition of the essential oil samples were compared. Both oils extracted were analyzed with GC-MS, and forty-one chemical compounds were identified in essential oil components from SE while forty chemical compounds were found in the HDC-extracted oil sample. The major essential oil components present in both the SE and HDC method are cis-vaccenic acid, 2-methyltetracosane, beta-sitosterol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, and n-hexadecanoic acid in varying concentrations. Moreover, the essential oils obtained by both methods look similar quantitatively but differ qualitatively. The HDC method produced more oxygenated compounds that contribute to the fragrance of the oil. The major constituents observed in the essential oil extracted by SE methods include cis-vaccenic acid (17.6%), beta-sitosterol (12.71%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (11.82%), n-hexadecanoic acid (8.16%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (5.84%), oleic acid (4.54%), and 11-octadecenoic acid and methyl ester (3.94%). However, in the hydrodistillation technique, the oil was mostly composed of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (23.72%), cis-vaccenic acid (17.16%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.53%), beta-sitosterol (4.53%), and octadecanoic acid (3.8%). From the data obtained, HDC seems to be a better method for extraction of Tamarindus indica essential oil compared to the Soxhlet extraction apparatus.

Phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Amaranthus viridis L (Green leaf)

Phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Amaranthus viridis L (Green leaf) were undertaken with standard methods. The leaf sample after being screening for phytochemicals, contained tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, proteins and anthraquinones at different concentrations. A further study using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analytic method on the leaf sample revealed a total of twenty-two detailed compounds among which are 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine, Erucic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 1,2-Propanediol,3-chloro-, and Cystamine. 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphenethy lamine had the highest retention time; Erucic acid had the highest molecular weight while n-Hexadecanoic acid had the highest peal area. Most of the compounds have important applications in body care products and cosmetics, pharmaceutical or food industries. A. viridis leaf extract exhibited a better antioxidant activity against the ascorbic acid used as control in the present study. The phytochemicals present in the leaf sample could be behind its antioxidant activity. The study has shown the phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of A. viridis leaf sample.