TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE EPISTOLARY CULTURE OF STUDENTS IN CONDITIONS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Our question is what tasks a higher education teacher should set himself in the context of electronic communication. The teacher and student / master's student are seen as mediators between different epistolary styles. The teacher is seen as the guardian of the traditional style of emailing, and the student youth — as the creator of the new one. Examples are given to characterize the epistolary culture of students in the format of distance learning. As a result, it is argued that during educational correspondence between a teacher and a student, new standards of speech communication and new expressive means generated by the digitalization are formed.

The idea of a person's selfdebasement in the russian monastic epistolary culture of the 20th century: linguo-communicative aspect

The article deals with the specifics of the representation in the Russian church writers-monks’ epistolaria the idea of selfdebasement (kenosis) of a person, the advancement of which is linked to the development of the hesychasm, a religious-philosophical teaching in the Russian Orthodox society. On the basis of the letters addressed to the spiritual students, the author of the article outlines a range of main ideas that are realized in these letters, in particular, the ideas of repentance, peace, deification, salvation, tacit prayer, and includes the idea of selfdebasement into the hesychastic ideosphere. The focus is on the contents component of the idea of a person’s selfdebasement, representing its images and language units. The key images are the ones of Jesus Christ, a tax-collector (who embodies repentance, genuine sincere repentance, peace and selfdebasement in front of the God) and Christ-like people (the saints). The most significant language units implementing the idea of a person’s selfdebasement are the definitions used by the authors in relation to themselves are unworthy, the most unworthy, sinful, sinister, miserable, lowest and weak. Among language units diminishing themselves in front of the God and the people are the ones like a slave, a sinner used by writers-monks in self-characteristics. Separately, the author of the article considers the role of the idea of selfdebasement in the life of a Christian and a Christian society, which consists (first of all) in appropriation of obedience to the God’s will and achieving soul salvation through the realization of sinfulness, deliverance from the sin, its repentance.

Z historii polskich przekładów powieści Doktor Żywago Borysa Pasternaka (na podstawie korespondencji Jerzego Giedroycia i Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego oraz Jerzego Stempowskiego i Marii Dąbrowskiej)

This article recalls the circumstances of the first edition of the novel by Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago, in Polish translation, which appeared in 1959 in volume XLIV of the Biblioteka ‟Kultury” series, published by the Paris Literary Institute. Reconstruction of the history of this publishing initiative in the context of the political situation is possible thanks to historical sources preserved in the Paris and Warsaw archives, publications in periodicals, memoirs and epistolary culture. The circumstances in which the typescript was imported to Poland and in which the Literary Institute obtained a license for a Polish translation, the choice of translator, and Jerzy Giedroyc and Gustaw Herling-Grudziński’s correspondence are discussed. An important source of information is the lively correspondence between Maria Dąbrowska and Jerzy Stempowski, the son of a publicist and social activist, and Mason Stanisław Stempowski, a longtime life partner of the writer. The fragments of epistolary culture discussed here allow a better understanding of these outstanding individuals of the twentieth century. The content of the correspondence analyzed also allows us to reconstruct many interesting facts from the field of translating Russian literature into Polish, as well as the complex situation of Polish-Russian relations in the post-war period.

Gender, Writing Technologies, and Early Modern Epistolary Communications

Shakespeare’s age witnessed the extension of letter-writing skills to an increasing range of social groups, including women. The letter as a cultural form encompassed a complex range of practices and writing technologies connected to the composition, folding, sealing, delivery, reading, and afterlife of correspondence. Shakespeare depicts women across the social spectrum from queens to illiterate servants, composing, reading, or delivering letters. An understanding of early modern epistolary culture, and women’s involvement in it, is thus fundamental to interpreting the social and cultural practices embedded in Shakespearean drama. This chapter focuses on the writing technologies connected with women’s letter-writing, from the acquisition of basic literacy and skills of penmanship (in relation to the gendered nature of early modern education), through models, templates and printed epistolographies, the mechanics of composition, and personal and collaborative forms of authorship, to the material practices of writing, archiving and circulating epistles and forms of secret writing.