The Realization of Casual Conversation Features of EFL Learners

This study was descriptive qualitative, which aimed at explaining the casual conversation features between two learners and its functions in terms of negotiation meaning, spontaneity, interpersonality, and interactivity. To obtained data, firstly, recording the conversation was done, continued by transcribing, coding, and the last was analyzing the findings. The findings showed this conversation was dominated by exchange information and idea between the speakers rather than exchanging feelings because logico-semantic appeared more dominant than interpersonal negotiation. In terms of spontaneity feature, it could be shown by the learners’ laughter during the conversation. Meanwhile, interpersonality features occurred were filled pauses, repetition, false start, and chunk. Then, interactivity features were turn-taking, back-channeling, and discourse markers. Also, those number of features and its functions implied in this casual conversation have an essential contribution. For instance, filled pauses can be used to take time to think of what is going to say. This study suggests that further research investigates how cultural and gender affect the speakers’ spoken features in monologue and dialogue speech, and also both formal and non-formal situations

Mental Time-Travel, Semantic Flexibility, and A.I. Ethics

This article argues that existing approaches to programming ethical AI fail to resolve a serious moral-semantic trilemma, generating interpretations of ethical requirements that are either too semantically strict, too semantically flexible, or overly unpredictable. This paper then illustrates the trilemma utilizing a recently proposed 'general ethical dilemma analyzer', GenEth. Finally, it uses empirical evidence to argue that human beings resolve the semantic trilemma using general cognitive and motivational processes involving ‘mental time-travel’, whereby we simulate different possible pasts and futures. I demonstrate how mental time-travel psychology leads us to resolve the semantic trilemma through a six-step process of interpersonal negotiation and renegotiation, and then conclude by showing how comparative advantages in processing power would plausibly cause AI to use similar processes to solve the semantic trilemma more reliably than we do, leading AI to make better moral semantic choices than humans do by our very own lights.

Investigating audience orientation in courtroom communication

This study presents an empirical study of audience orientation, investigating lawyers’ overt interpersonal negotiation with jurors. Drawing upon a corpus of the closing arguments of five high-profile American trials, the quantitative and qualitative analysis identifies the traces and degree of the jury’s presence through pronominal choices, questions, directives, references to shared knowledge and asides. Such relational practice does not merely “oil the wheels” of courtroom communication but also constitutes a key way to the meaning-making process in this phase of the trial. The findings attest to the centrality of relational work in accomplishing transactional goals in institutional discourses.

Dialogic features and interpersonal management in the early courtroom action game

There are certain areas where present-day studies of language use can learn from history. Using a dialogue-analytic approach, this study investigates dialogic features and interpersonal management in the early English courtroom. Drawing upon a corpus of 81 opening statements from the Proceedings of the Old Bailey (1759–1799), the quantitative and qualitative analysis reveals that this courtroom action game is highly dialogic and that an active jury was significantly presupposed in this particular historical setting. The lawyers consistently endeavored to solicit solidarity and in-groupness through pronominal choices, and to argumentatively negotiate agreement and secure consent through directives, shared knowledge markers, asides, and questions. The findings testify to the central role of dialogism and interpersonal negotiation in historical courtroom action games.

The Realization of Interpersonal Negotiation in the Conversation

This study aimed toinvestigate how the students of English Department of theState University of Semarang realize interpersonal negotiation in their conversationand find out what kinds of problems that emerge when the students have aninterpersonal negotiation in their conversation.In analyzing the data, the descriptivequalitative approach was employed with small quantification was made to support theanalysis. Besides, the choices of mood, modality, speech roles as well as clause categorywere applied to analyze the data.The research findings showed that from theobservation towards 10 (ten) students done by practicing the conversation in pairs,there were only 3 (three) pairs that could realize the interpersonal negotiation in theirconversation. Most of students used declarative mood types (56.6%) more in theirconversation. It indicated that they wanted to initiate the exchanges by givinginformation more often. The modality that they used most was probabilitymodalization (41.2%). With high and medium categories of probability, the studentsexpressed their idea of the situation given.Though the students produced declarativemood more in their conversation, it did not directly indicate that they could realizeinterpersonal negotiation well. Most of the declaratives produced was moremaintaining the information exchange. The giving speech roles of the clauses producedby the students sometimes were inappropriate with the topic being discussed. It madethe conversation inconvenient. Even though the use of modalization and modulation toexpress interpersonal negotiation was not problematic, they did not use it optimally;only 17 clauses out of 143 clauses made use of them.Keywords : realization, interpersonal negotiation, conversation