Transit in Kalki Historical Novels

The novel is one of the brand new arts acquired by Tamils ​​due to European contact and learning English. In storytelling for Tamils ​​since ancient times; there is involvement. However, the literary form of the novel became known to the people only after learning English novels. As a result, AD.Novels may have appeared in Tamil in the late nineteenth century. By the time the first novel appeared in Tamil, Tamils ​​were well versed in education. So the number of scholars was increasing. Tamils ​​learned to speak English along with Tamil. It is easy for people to move from one place to another due to the convenience of the train. A number of printing presses appeared and printed texts. Thus diminishing the influence of poetry influence of prose grew. These were the reasons for the origin of the Tamil novel and its subsequent development. The novels thus multiplied into science fiction, science fiction, enlightenment novel, Gandhian novel, Marxist novel, social novels, social novels, and historical novels. The purpose of this article is to examine the nature of historical novels and Kalki's contribution to them.

Establishing the Symbolic Association of the Concept of 'Youth' in the British and American Literary Discourse in the 19th-21st Centuries

The article deals with axiologically marked symbolic associations related to the sociocultural phenomenon of youth. The research is conducted on the basis of social novels by British and American authors of the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The symbolic meaning of the concept is formed in a textual context and motivated by cultural images, ideas and values. It does not cause an internal semantic change but complements the range of meaning in the process of discourse implementation. The study of the symbolic embodiment of the concept of YOUTH in English literary discourse is not limited to the analysis of individual words but requires conducting an interpretative-textual analysis of the coherent discourse situation, indicating the formation of an associative chain during concept actualization. Chain elements are linked internally into a single unit, forming an associative group. The symbol, carrying the axiological potential of its culture, operates in inseparable unity with the axiological component of the concept under study. The data clarify the relationship between positive and negative axiological representations of the concept.

Charles Kingsley

This chapter considers the conflict-laden work of Charles Kingsley. Kingsley was an avid follower of scientific developments. In 1842 he urged one of his correspondents to ‘study medicine [… I am studying it’. In the social novels Yeast (1848), Alton Locke (1850), and Two Years Ago (1857), we see the fruits of these labours, particularly in how the languages and methods of biology offer Kingsley a means of challenging views of starvation as an inevitable, necessary evil. In his portrayals of radical characters, Kingsley discusses how scientific ideas precluded the political appropriation of starvation as a means to beat the well-to-do. Famous for locking horns with John Henry Newman on the abstract question of what constitutes truth, Kingsley argues a case for seeing topics like the physiology of hunger not as a symbol of providentialist or radical thinking, but as the means of creating a more intelligent understanding of poverty.

Introduction

An outline of the way in which the nineteenth century invented the idea of hunger as a physiological and material phenomenon whose radical epistemological powers were constructed across literature, medicine, and physiology, this Introduction seeks to offer an outline of how the book’s reading of the social-problem novel will draw on the methodologies associated with literature and science, new materialism, and somatic (bodily) or anthropological realism. It also introduces how the social novels of Kingsley, Gaskell, and Dickens promoted the development of knowledge and sympathy through both an emphasis on the material sufferings of the starving and a detailed analysis of what it means to go hungry, and to observe and to write about it in a way that seeks to be truthful.

REALITAS SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL PULANG KARYA LEILA S. CHUDORI: PERSPEKTIF REALISME SOSIALIS GEORG LUKACS

Literary works as a reflection of society in their era. As a reflection of society, literary works raise the culture of society by the time or before the literary work was written. Leila S. Chudori's novel entitled Pulang can be said to be a historical work by bringing up major historical events namely the bloody tragedy of 30 September 1965, the French revolution in 1968 and also the events of 1998 in Indonesia. According to Lukacs, historical novels and social novels are the same because a social event in the past will be history for the present generation. Based on this, this study uses Georg Lukacs's theory of socialism realism. The theory states that the pure fact of nature arises when a real world phenomenon is placed (in the mind or in reality) into an environment where its laws can be monitored without the need for internal intervention. In doing so, we will be arrived at an understanding of the external forms of phenomena and think of them as forms, in which the deepest core can certainly emerge. With simple language the knowledge of the totality of facts from events must be understood the real existence and the deepest core of the facts. In Pulang's novel by Leila S. Chudori, there is a social reality that has never been learned at school. Facts such as the existence of political exiles that are adrift in Europe, torture and slaughter of victims of wrongful arrests, and so on. That explains how the history we learn today is only history made by irresponsible people. Therefore, the social reality in the novel Le Pulang S. Chudori's Pulang is a forgotten Indonesian community life.

The Ecological Plot: A Brief History of Multispecies Storytelling, from Malthus to Middlemarch

This essay returns to the early nineteenth-century prehistory of ecology to argue that the anthropocentrism of Victorian social novels should be understood as a deliberate, pragmatic response to the ethical dilemmas of ecological entanglement—dilemmas visible by the late eighteenth century. Interspecies entanglement and its discontents provided the cornerstone of Malthus's infamous arguments about overpopulation in the Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). Inspired by Malthus's proto-ecological vision of endless interconnection, Harriet Martineau adopted it as the plot structure of her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34), some of the earliest and most influential examples of industrial fiction. Later social novelists borrowed Martineau's narrative technique of disclosing community by tracing material interdependence, but they excluded relations that crossed the species barrier. Those exclusions arose not from arrogance or ignorance of humanity's dependence on other species but from the decision to bracket often unanswerable questions arising from interspecies collectivity to foreground the practical importance of attending to the urgent needs of human beings.

Genre originality of R. Riggs’ novel „Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children”

The article carries out a systematic study of the genre of R. Riggs’ work „Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children”, establishes its genre originality, states the features of different types of genre in the structure of one work, which is manifested in the multi-genre nature of the work. The article thoroughly and consistently proves that the work of R. Riggs „Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children” is a novel form, which is characterized by genre syncretism, as the genre structure combines features of fantasy, adventure, social novels and oral folklore, thoroughly decorated with philosophical motives. This „universality” is formed due to the relevant themes, issues, eidology, plot and compositional features. „Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children” is a multi-genre novel that combines several genres. The genre of the work can be called a fantastic-social novel-fairy tale, where the philosophical and psychological themes are constant. The author managed to reveal important social and psychological themes within the fantastic chronotope, which is presented by comparing real and unreal time-space. Constant in the novel is the image of the protagonist, who is the narrator, through the perspective of which the story achieves its subjectivity. The novel is characterized by a set of motives: social (war, genocide, inclusion, etc.), existential (meaning of life, existence of personality), psychological (loneliness, soul, loss), socio-historical (war, friendship, love, help), philosophical (good and evil, death, life), etc., which, combined, form a complex and unique artistic world of the novel form.

Eat the street

Female street vendors were a common sight in cities worldwide in the first half of the 19th century. Fields of history like women’s history have dealt with the role of these street vendors in European cities. In recent decades, female street vendors have also been studied by a number of Brazilian scholars, who have shed light on urban slavery, domestic slavery and other forms of unfree labor. These studies commonly focus on community building among urban slaves and the formation of a West African diaspora. All around the globe female street vendors were (and still are) not merely passive victims of marginalization, but capable actors, who created a gendered niche of economic opportunity, through the capitalization of their cooking and vending skills. The popularity of female hawkers was closely connected to their being women. Until now, few studies explore the food stalls in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the first half of the 19th century as special places of consumption within a global perspective. Street food gave rise to a working-class consumer culture. This study aims to focus on the social, material and imaginary aspects of these vending places. What role did they play within the consumer culture of Rio de Janeiro? What food did they provide? What was the communication between vendors and customers like? These questions are especially interesting to ask against the background of Rio de Janeiro’s intensive sociocultural transformation in the years between 1830 and 1860, after the official prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade. Places of food consumption such as the Paris-style restaurant (representative of luxury dining) and taverns (representative of more commonplace, popular restaurants) saw a great increase in the first half of the 19th century. Analyzing food stands as places of food consumption offers the possibility to break up the narrative of the male centered public sphere and show that women especially played a crucial role in providing 19th century cities with food. Daily newspapers, contemporary descriptions by foreign visitors and social novels demonstrate in an excellent manner the contemporary discourse of eating out, the dishes that were served, who consumed these dishes and female vendors in a global perspective. The paper argues that eating out was not only a necessity for some, but also a form of entertainment comparable to professional theater plays. Food stands were places were gender roles, prejudices against foreign food and sexual honor were negotiated. Since cooking is one of the most time-consuming types of labor in history the paper combines food history with labor history and demonstrates public eating as a special form of entertainment.

Katharine Susannah Prichard’s Coonardoo and Rachel de Queiroz’s The Year Fifteen: a settler colonial reading

Settler Colonial Studies is a theoretical approach being developed in Australia by Lorenzo Veracini (2010, 2015, 2016), inspired by Patrick Wolfe’s (1999, 2016) precursor theories. It proposes a differentiation between “colonialism” and “settler colonialism” based on the premise that the latter involves land dispossession and the literal or metaphorical disappearance of Indigenous Others, while the former is mainly concerned with the exploitation of Indigenous labour and resources. The fact that settlers “come to stay” is a crucial element in positing settler colonialism as “a structure”, whereas colonialism would be “an event” in the lives of the colonised Others. This paper adopts settler colonial theories to propose a comparative study of two modernist “social” novels by women writers in Australia and Brazil: Katharine Susannah Prichard’s Coonardoo (1929) and Rachel de Queiroz’s The Year Fifteen (1930). Both novels deal with exploitation, discrimination, racism and the dispossession of the Indigenous Other and their miscegenated descendants, from a non-Indigenous, i.e. “settler”, perspective. Elements that are crucial for settler colonialism, such as ambivalence, indigenisation and mechanisms of disavowal and transfer in several of their guises, are examined, compared and contrasted.

Genre specificity of the novella “The Pass” by V. Astafyev

We describe the genre specificity of the V. Astafyev’s novella “The Pass”. We substantiate the originality of the genre and style system of the author’s world outlook. We focus on proving the idea of the synthetic nature of the “The Pass” genre. The need for such research is primarily due to the continuing interest in the unique work of V. Astafyev, both from critics and literature studies scholars, and from society. On the example of the writer’s first serious work, we clarify the initial artistic level and the idea of his creations. We attempt to reveal the phenomenon of genre polyphony of the writer’s works, and in particular the novella “The Pass” through the study of the works of critics and and literature studies scholars, whose works are devoted to the work of V. Astafyev, as well as through an appeal to the prose of other Russian and foreign authors. By studying the works of critics and literary critics, whose works were devoted to the work of V. Astafyev, an attempt is made to reveal the phenomenon of genre polyphony of the writer's works. We emphasize and analyze the elements typical for autobiographical novella, educational and social novels, we consider their interaction and synthesis. Actualization of traditional plot schemes typical of “frontier literature” is revealed for the first time. We reveal and discusss the important for the writer theme in novella of “exploitation of Siberia” and the ensuing historical and social phenomena. On the example of moral and ethical problems we can trace the conceptual polemic of V. Astafyev with foreign authors.