Urban Transformation in Ancient Molise

This book uses all the available evidence to create a site biography of Larinum from 400 bce to 100 ce, with a focus on the urban transformation that occurs there during the Roman conquest. Larinum, a pre-Roman town in the modern region of Molise, undergoes a unique transition from independence to municipal status when it receives Roman citizenship in the 80s bce shortly after the Social War. Its trajectory illuminates complex processes of cultural, social, and political change associated with the Roman conquest throughout the Italian peninsula in the first millennium bce. This work highlights the importance of local isolated variability in studies of the Roman conquest and provides a narrative that supplements larger works on this theme. Through a focus on local-level agency, it demonstrates strong local continuity in Larinum and its surrounding territory. This continuity is the key to Larinum’s transition into the Roman state, which is spearheaded by the local elites. They participate in the broader cultural choices of the Hellenistic koiné and strive to be part of a Mediterranean-wide dialog that, over time, will come to be dominated by Rome. The case is made for advancing the field of Roman conquest studies under a new paradigm of social transformation that focuses on a history of gradual change, continuity, connectivity, and local isolated variability that is contingent on highly specific issues rather than global movements.

Larinum in Cicero’s Pro Cluentio

This chapter analyzes the social history that can be gleaned from a close reading of Cicero’s Pro Cluentio. After presenting the case against Cluentius, it discusses the chief elements of the social history of Larinum that appear in the oration. These include intermarriage between the domi nobiles of the town, links between Larinum and other Italian communities, links with Rome, travel and road networks, the effects of the Social War, and the patronage and wealth of the domi nobiles. Although Cicero’s speech is a work of rhetoric, the historical details that he includes can be considered largely accurate. This information cannot be obtained from any other source. The Pro Cluentio provides information about the leading families of the town that complements the prosopographical information found in the epigraphic record. When combined with the other evidence discussed in the rest of the book, it shows the ways that the citizens of Larinum were interacting with Rome and the effects of the town’s transition into the Roman state that could be seen in the middle of the first century bce.

Hatred and Malevolence

Meaux and Mello have conventionally served to mark the end of the Jacquerie, but in fact, large contingents of Jacques survived and continued operations until at least the middle of July. What began as a social revolt in May developed over the summer into a social war. This chapter covers the commoners’ defeat of the nobles’ attack on the city of Senlis, which remained a rebel stronghold, unlike other urban allies of the Jacques. The discussion then moves to Champagne, where nobles taking vengeance for the Jacquerie after Meaux may have incited rebellion in a region that had not previously been implicated in the movement, and the villages of the southern Île-de-France, where the Parisians tried to create a new front in the war to divert the Dauphin’s troops away from Paris. Back in the Beauvaisis, Charles of Navarre took charge of the nobles’ ongoing efforts to suppress and punish the rebels. In Rouen and in places far distant from the Jacquerie’s heartlands, contemporaneous confrontations between nobles and non-nobles were identified with the rebellion and may have been inspired by it.

ANATOMY OF AN OCCUPATION IN ARTISTIC UPRISING (INTIFADA) PALESTINE

This research covers an examination of the effects of the ongoing war in Palestine on artists of Palestinian origin and their works that can be considered as “uprising (intifada)”. Although the beginning of the Palestine-Israel conflict can be dated back to the end of the 19th century, the turning point has been known as 1948 when the State of Israel was officially declared. While the year 1948 means victory for the Israelis, this date was imprinted on the memories of the Palestinians as a “Catastrophe (nakba in Arabic)”. The First Palestinian Intifada (uprising), which took place twice in Palestine from 1987 to 1993 (the period from the signing of the Oslo Accords and the Palestinian uprising against the occupation of Palestinian lands), the second Palestinian Intifada (uprising) from September 2000 to 2005 and the interim periods when the artists came to the fore with their works were evaluated within the scope of the uprisings. Artists who attempt to trace the traces of individual and social war memory, notably those such as Mona Hatoum, Emily Jacir and Dana Awartani, were addressed within the scope of the research on the works of artists of Palestinian origin. As a result, the works of artists, who have been continuing in Palestine from the past to the present and cannot easily isolate themselves from the conflicts, will take their place in art history as the anatomy of an occupied society by war. Keywords: war, art, Intifada art, Palestinian artists, occupation

Marius and Sulla

Gaius Marius (b. 158/157–d. 86 bce) and Lucius Cornelius Sulla (b. 138–d. 78 bce) were the most prominent, and in several respects defining, figures of a phase of Roman Republican history that lasted roughly three decades: from 107, when Marius was elected to his first consulship, to 78 bce, the year of Sulla’s death. Much of that period was marked by the relationship between the two men, who first cooperated very effectively and then engaged in a fierce struggle for power that eventually led to years of civil strife and political violence on an unprecedented scale. Marius held the consulship on seven occasions, while Sulla did so twice, as well as holding a dictatorship that enabled him to enact a set of wide-ranging, far-reaching, and controversial measures. This bibliography seeks to achieve a workable balance between chronological and thematic approaches, and between narrative and interpretation. Speaking of an “age of Marius and Sulla” risks failing to do justice to the complexity of a period that was marked by other major developments, such as the initiatives of Saturninus and Glaucia (104–100 bce); the Social War (91–88 bce), which ended with the inclusion of the Italian communities south of the Po River into the Roman citizen body; and the first war against King Mithridates in the Greek East (88–85 bce). These events are covered in what follows only insofar as they are relevant to the study of Marius and Sulla; yet these two men are central to any of the main developments of this historical period, and readers who seek general guidance on these topics will find some orientation in this bibliography.

Roman Italy, 4th Century bce to 3rd Century ce

The history of Roman Italy is a vast subject, so the topics highlighted and the bibliography presented here are inevitably highly selective. The geographical scope is limited to Italy south of the river Po (Sicily and Sardinia, as provinces in antiquity, are excluded); the notional starting point chosen is the late 4th century bce (when Rome reorganized its alliances to create a structure which, in less than a hundred years, subjugated most of the peninsula); the (equally notional) conclusion is the reign of Diocletian, when Italy was subjected to taxation and subdivided into provinces. While the history of Roman Italy under the Republic can be seen as a narrative punctuated by episodes of warfare (the Samnite Wars, the conquest of Sicily, Hannibal’s invasion of Italy, the Social War, the Civil Wars), and the first sections of the article, after General Overviews and Key Background Works are roughly structured in this way, material on the history of Italy under the Empire can more appropriately be organized in thematic form. After an introduction to Rome and Italy under the Principate, much of the remainder of the article is thus divided between The Cities of Imperial Italy and The Italian Countryside. Under the first heading is gathered material on city administration, on local elites and sub-elites, and on civic buildings, as well as some key individual urban sites. The second heading covers material on rural Italy under the Republic (by way of background), on issues of population and migration, on the rural properties of the senatorial elite and the emperors, on agriculture and land division, on the archaeological techniques used to reconstruct settlement in the ancient landscape, on sanctuaries, and on the alimenta of the early 2nd century ce. The article concludes with a selection of studies of particular regions (underlining the significant degree of regional variation to be found across Italy). Publications in English are particularly highlighted where available, but (not surprisingly) many fundamental books and articles on Roman Italy have been published in Italian (or other European languages), and these too are included, so far as possible. There is some intersection between some of the topics covered here and other articles in the Oxford Bibliographies collection; in these cases, the relevant Oxford Bibliographies articles have been cited and the reader is referred to them for more bibliographical detail, while a limited number of key pieces of scholarship is cited here.