Relationship among Economic Contribution for R&D, Innovation and SDG9 of Indian State

In the present context, all the countries are trying to achieve sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). India is also trying to do the same with the help of different initiatives. Among these SDGs, one of the vital SDG is SDG9 which is related with industry, innovation and infrastructure. In the recent years Indian government has published SDG scores and innovation index for all the States. Government in general publishes Public Finance reports which consist of different expenditure for the people and states development. Considering this, it has been tries to find out whether or not the related economic contribution of the states and central government can be helpful to realise and estimate the innovation and SDG9 of the states. By using correlation analysis and linier regression model, it has been found that the significant contribution are found with respect to the research expenditure in agriculture and total research expenditure of the states. The results implied that the state governments should take proper initiative regarding the research expenditure in science and technology, that can enhance innovation capability more.

The impact of public research expenditure on agricultural productivity: evidence from developed European countries

The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of public research expenditure on agricultural productivity in developed European countries. Our research provides original evidence, making possible a comparison with existing studies focused on United States of America (USA). We apply a fixed effects Gamma distributed-lag model to yearly data in 1970-2016 sourced from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In our results, public research expenditure has a significant impact on agricultural productivity up to 35 years, with peak at 17 years and long-term elasticity equal to 0.172. Based on our model, the countries with the highest internal rate of return of agricultural research expenditure resulted Germany, Spain, France and Italy (24.5-25.2%), followed by Netherlands, United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece, Belgium and Luxembourg (20.5-21.8%). However, only Germany, Denmark and Greece increased agricultural research expenditure in recent years. The estimated internal rates of return are in line with the ones reported by existing studies on USA, and they suggest that developed European countries, just like USA, could benefit from research investments in Agriculture to a much greater extent than they currently do.

A Comparative Study of Sustainable Transition from Catch-up to Post Catch-up of South Korea and China

The essence of the experience of East Asia has been on technological capability building and dynamic industrial transitions from one stage to the next. While many studies for understanding the catch-up process and post catch-up agendas exist, empirical and comparative studies that consider the transition from catch-up to post catch-up are still rare. The significance of this research can be summarized in two ways. First, this study verifies the conformity of existing major catch-up to post catch-up transition studies with quantitative evidence. Second, by comparing commonalities and patterns from South Korea and China, this study examines the generality of the discourses and arguments about the transition from catch-up to post catch-up. The reflexive study of understanding transition from catch-up to post catch-up was conducted with a technology cycle time (TCT), self-citation ratio at a country level, and the basic research expenditure of Korea and China by using the US Patents and Trademark Office’s (USPTO) patent citation (for technology cycle time & self-citation ratio) and OECD’s database (basic research expenditure and gross domestic expenditure on basic research) for time period from 1998 to 2012. Empirical evidence of technology cycle time, self-citation ratio and gross domestic expenditure on basic research matched well with the prior transition arguments. First, Korea’s case shows a post catch-up trend with an increasing technology cycle time while China’s case presents catch-up trend (short-cycle period) and shifts to post catch-up trend (post catch-up trend). Self-citation ratios for both countries show increasing and converging pattern. In terms of basic research activities, both countries show increasing pattern. Korea exceeded the gross domestic expenditure on basic research of Japan and the US. Even though, China’s gross domestic expenditure on basic research has been tripled from 1998 to 2012, China’s gross domestic expenditure on basic research has still a long way to go to close the gap and to show a converging pattern. Many developing countries that once experienced a certain level of successful catch-up did not overcome the middle income trap have fallen behind. Understanding transition process of catch-up to post catch-up discussed in this paper may present a better understanding of long-term sequential development and economic sustainability of developing countries.

The impact of research results on the research expenditure at The U.S. Universities

The research spending at universities has become an integral part of development strategies among universities in the world. It is also used as one of key indicators to evaluate university ranking. Therefore, many studies have emphasized on the quality of research results and the impact of technology spillovers from universities to industry. However, the previous empirical evidence is ambiguous as well as it has not identified either the necessary time for an inventor to recoup the initial investment or the linkage between startup and research spending. To fulfill unsolved problems from previous studies, the paper focuses on finding the determinants impacting on the research expenditure at universities by employing a panel of the U.S universities from 1998 to 2004. Specifically, we implement the regression model with differentiating both the level effects and the rate effects of patent applications and licensing income, the estimatedresults imply that an increase in either the number of patent applications or licensing income reduces the short-term research expenditure but increases the long-term rate of research spending growth of average universities. Moreover, we also find that the more startup firms the inventors pursue, the more research spending they receive.

IN ACHIEVING THE MOST OF LIMITED RESEARCH BUDGET FOR ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY AT SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY

Motivating engineering research in universities with limited or tight research budgets is a challenging task. There is always a conflict between researchers attempting to secure enough funds to ease their own research, and funding bodies and universities trying to achieve high quality research while lowering research expenses. This conflict leads to a situation where universities and researchers cannot achieve their goals altogether. This study attempts to partially resolve this issue by optimizing research expenditure for the benefit of both universities and researchers and suggests some policies regarding what type of research (modelling based or experimental based) universities should support. Other factors related to the components of research expenditure (effect of local and international collaboration, hiring research assistants (RAs), establishing research laboratories, and buying professional engineering software) are also considered.

The Effects of Investment and Research Expenditure on Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries

Considering the economic performance as a target for companies in chemical and pharmaceutical sectors, the main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of investment and research expenditure on the turnover and production of the Romanian firms in these domains. A panel data approach is applied and the main results suggested that actual and previous investment did not generate an increase in the production and turnover of the companies in the period 2005-2016. However, the increase in the number of researchers and in the research expenditure slowly stimulated the production and turnover. All in all, we can state that the investment in chemical and pharmaceutical sectors are still not sustainable in Romania and the future policies of the companies should be focus more on research and development activities.

The Hope Fulfilled? Measuring Research Performance of Universities in the Economic Crisis

The economic and financial crisis of 2008–2013 caused most universities to revisit their traditional funding allocations. In a time of budget constraints, some universities have been able to enjoy an increasing level of research expenditure, while other aspects of their budgets have been cut. This article analyzes changes in research funding and output at three research universities in Atlanta, Georgia, between 2002 and 2015, covering periods both before and after the crisis. Although the amount of research expenditure has continued to increase in the three universities after the crisis, the efficiency of research funding has declined. The results argue that the approach undertaken by governments and universities after the crisis has been partial and too narrowly focused on the financial terms of research to take into consideration many relevant factors constraining research performance of academics.