Studi Penggunaan Balok Lintel Pada Bangunan Gedung Infilled Frame 2 Lantai Menggunakan SAP2000

The two stories building construction or which is commonly called the two stories building these days is very popular in Indonesia. The type of multistories building technology that develop in the world of construction is very diverse, this development is can not be separated from the anticipation of the various of loading conditions. Based on that facts, the research of the use of lintel beams in 2 stories infilled frame buildings is conducted. The analysis can be done by using SAP2000 software. The structure model analyzed by comparing the structure responses between the building that use the lintel beams system and the other one is the building that don’t use that system, where as the idealized loading is same. The result of the analysis obtained by using the lintel beams system the value of maximum x and y axis base shear respectively are 344,088 KN and 363,001 KN, the maximum column moment is occurred in column 84 with the value is 99,58 kNm, and the maximum x axis lateral drift is occurred in joint 128 with the value is 0.000401 m, while the y axis is occurred in joint 105, 128 with the value is 0,000533 m. The analysis result that obtained for the building that don’t use the lintel beam system, the x and y axis maximum base shear value respectively is 336,425 KN and 354,539 KN, the maximum column moment occurs in column 84 is 98,98 kNm, and the x axis maximum drift lateral occurs in joint 128 with value is 0,000406, while the y axis maximum lateral drift occurs in joint 105, 128 with value is 0,000532. So we obtained the percentage comparison on base shear value between 2 stories infilled frame building that use lintel beams system and the building that doesn’t use the lintel beams system for x axis is 1,45% and y axis is 1,13% , and for the percentage comparison on maximum column moment value is 0,30% , while the percentage comparison on drift lateral value for x axis is 0,62% and y axis is 0,09%

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Masonry Infills Based on Material Strain Limit Approach

The seismic evaluation and retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) structures considering masonry infills is the correct methodology because the infill walls are an essential part of RC structures and increase the stiffness and strength of structures in seismically active areas. A three-dimensional four-storey building with masonry infills has been analyzed with nonlinear static adaptive pushover analysis by using the SeismoStruct software. Two models have been considered in this study: the first model is a full RC-infilled frame and the second model is an open ground storey RC-infilled frame. The infill walls have been modeled as a double strut nonlinear cyclic model. In this study, the “material strain limit approach” is first time used for the seismic evaluation of RC buildings with masonry infills. This method is based on the threshold strain limit of concrete and steel to identify the actual damage scenarios of the structural members of RC structures. The two models of the four-storey RC building have been retrofitted with local and global strengthening techniques (RC-jacketing method and incorporation of infills) as per the requirements of the structure to evaluate their effect on the response reduction factor (R) because the R-factor is an important design tool that shows the level of inelasticity in a structure. A significant increase in the response reduction factor (R) and structural plan density (SPD) has been observed in the case of the open ground storey RC-infilled frame after the retrofit. Thus, this paper aims to present a most effective way for the seismic evaluation and retrofit of any reinforced concrete structure through the material strain limit approach.

Architectural and engineering design criteria for earthquake resistant masonry infilled RC frames containing openings

In earthquake resistant design of RC frame structures, the definition of masonry infilled frame is often split between reinforced concrete and the masonry structures. However, it is known that the frame elements and the masonry wall work as a coupled system. Additionally, a dedicate chapter for the definitions of openings size, quantity and position is missing. The definition of a full, partial or non-masonry infilled frame with opening is not establish in engineering and architectural codes; rather, recommendations are given. A competent masonry infilled frame with openings would mean to correlate the architectural and engineering concepts as to define an engineered or non-engineered infilled wall. Likewise, certain boundaries should be established using both the architectural and engineering concepts to relate the importance of illumination and air ventilation product of the openings and masonry infilled frame failure patterns.

Retrofitting of Infilled Frame in Reinforced Concrete Structure

This research work aims to compare the seismic performance (in terms of lateral load strength, stiffness, ductility, response modification factor and performance levels) of full scale infilled frames before and after retrofitting. To evaluate the seismic performance, two infilled frames with door opening at different locations were constructed in the laboratory based on the current construction practices in Pakistan. In one infilled frame, door opening was at the center (Frame-1) while in other, door opening was at a side (Frame-2). After construction, both the specimens were tested with quasi-static test. The damaged parent specimens were then retrofitted with Ferrocement overlay and cracks in the infill wall were repaired with grout injection. Steel door frames of gauge 18 were installed at the door opening to make the model more realistic. Results obtained after performing quasi static test on the retrofitted specimen have showed that the specimens not only gained the original strength, but the seismic parameters of the infilled frames were observed to have also improved.

Numerical Modelling and Simulation of the In-Plane Response of a Three-Storey Masonry-Infilled RC Frame Retrofitted with TRM

A numerical study was conducted to investigate the in-plane behavior of a masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame retrofitted with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM). A two-dimensional finite element model was developed using DIANA finite element analysis (FEA) software to simulate the 2 : 3 scaled three-storey masonry-infilled RC frame retrofitted with TRM that was studied experimentally in the past. The three-storey structure used in the test was with a nonseismic design and detailing, and was subjected to in-plane displacement-control cyclic loading. The current study evaluates the capabilities of a representative numerical model to simulate the results of the experimental test, and after the calibration of the numerical model sensitivity analysis and parametric study were performed. In order to create an accurate numerical model, suitable constitutive models, based on the smeared crack approach, were used to characterize the nonlinear response of concrete, masonry infill, and TRM. The calibration of the models was based on the experimental results or inverse fitting based on optimizing the simulation of the response. The numerical model proved capable of simulating the in-plane behavior of the retrofitted masonry-infilled RC frame with good accuracy in terms of initial stiffness, and its deterioration, shear capacity, and cracking patterns. The calibrated model was then used to perform sensitivity analysis in order to examine the influence of infill-frame interface properties (tangential and normal stiffness) on the behavior of the retrofitted infilled frame. The numerical results showed that the gap opening is influenced significantly by the stiffness of the interface. In addition, a parametric study was performed in order to evaluate the importance of the full-bond condition between the TRM and the masonry-infilled RC frame. The numerical results indicate that the composite action between the TRM and the masonry-infilled RC frame improves the global stiffness and lateral resistance of the infilled frame, and it reduces the gap opening between the masonry infill and the RC frame.

A database of test results from steel and reinforced concrete infilled frame experiments

Extensive experimental investigations into the behavior of reinforcement concrete and steel frames with infill have been conducted worldwide. However, there are very few systematically created and publicly available databases on infilled frame experiments. This article assembles a database of 264 experiments on single-story infilled frames, which includes specimens with different types of frames and panels. It has been utilized by the authors (in separate studies) to develop (1) empirical equations for modeling the infill panels as equivalent struts and (2) machine learning models for failure mode classification. The intent is for the database to be augmented and further used in various other applications in studying the seismic behavior of masonry-infilled frames.