Five Elizabethan courtiers, their Catholic connections, and their careers

This article considers some of the men and women who served in the Privy Chamber of Elizabeth I and those men who held significant positions in her outer Chamber for evidence of Catholic beliefs, sympathies or family connections. It then discusses the careers of five men who at various times in Elizabeth’s reign were members of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. It will show that their court careers were decisively affected by their Catholic beliefs and connections and, in one case, by a temporary repudiation of Catholicism. Their careers witness both to a fluidity of religious identity that facilitated their advancement at Court and to a narrowing of this identity over the course of the reign.

A determination criterion for predicting the outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and solid surface

In a bearing chamber, oil droplets shed from the bearing impinge on the outer chamber housing with different angles. The outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and the outer chamber housing determines the flow characteristic of wall oil film which has an important meaning to realize the rigorous lubrication design in the bearing chamber. However, the study of predicting the outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and solid surface is relatively rare. In this paper, an experimental setup about oil droplet–solid surface oblique collision and a numeric calculation model using Volume of Fluid (VOF) method have been built. And a lot of experimental work and numerical calculations have been done in a wide range of conditions. Based on that, a determination criterion is ultimately established for predicting the outcome of oblique collision between an oil droplet and solid surface. With the experimental data from literatures and this paper, the determination criterion is verified. The research work in this paper is not only a foundation work for better understanding the conditions of lubrication in bearing chamber but also an important reference for the study of droplet–solid surface collision.

3D Acoustic Modelling of Dissipative Silencers with Nonhomogeneous Properties and Mean Flow

A finite element approach is proposed for the acoustic analysis of automotive silencers including a perforated duct with uniform axial mean flow and an outer chamber with heterogeneous absorbent material. This material can be characterized by means of its equivalent acoustic properties, considered coordinate-dependent via the introduction of a heterogeneous bulk density, and the corresponding material airflow resistivity variations. An approach has been implemented to solve the pressure wave equation for a nonmoving heterogeneous medium, associated with the problem of sound propagation in the outer chamber. On the other hand, the governing equation in the central duct has been solved in terms of the acoustic velocity potential considering the presence of a moving medium. The coupling between both regions and the corresponding acoustic fields has been carried out by means of a perforated duct and its acoustic impedance, adapted here to include absorbent material heterogeneities and mean flow effects simultaneously. It has been found that bulk density heterogeneities have a considerable influence on the silencer transmission loss.

Tunnel Visions: a Decorated Cave at El Pedroso, Castile, in the Light of Fieldwork

How can we devise appropriate ways of studying later prehistoric rock art in its wider context, and how can we relate ancient images to the deposits of artefacts found on the same sites? This paper describes the methods adopted in recording a series of carved motifs within a cave located outside the defences of a Chalcolithic hillfort on the Spanish/Portuguese border in Castilla y Leon. It features two quite different series of images, located in separate chambers and divided from one another by a kind of tunnel. Excavation on an artificial terrace outside the cave mouth established a chronological sequence which could be applied to the contents of the different parts of the site. This work suggested that the outer chamber, which features a large number of cup-marks, might have been associated with domestic occupation of a kind found elsewhere on the mountain, whilst the elaborately decorated inner chamber was used over a shorter period and may have played a much more specialised role. Its initial use could have been for burial. In a final phase the entire cave saw the deposition of large numbers of artefacts before its entrance was blocked. Its distinctive layout and the organisation of the decoration suggest that by the 2nd millennium bc it was considered as a natural passage grave

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Outer Chamber Height on Flow Field in Circumfluent Cyclone Separator

Through the numerical simulation method, the Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM) was used to simulate the flow field of circumfluent cyclone separator with three different outer chamber heights. Three circumfluent cyclones (CFC), with different outer chamber heights, are compared with each other. Pressure fields, velocity fields and pressure drop have been investigated. The results show that in a certain range, the outer chamber height of circumfluent cyclone separator has an optimum value, which can have higher separate efficiency and lower pressure drop. This provides a strong theoretical basis for the local optimization design of the cyclone.

Tomb No. 139 of the Shang Dynasty at Daxinzhuang, Jinan City

From March through June 2010, new coring and excavations were conducted at the Daxinzhuang site in Jinan City, during which a new cemetery from the later stage of the early Shang Dynasty to the late Shang Dynasty was uncovered. Among the excavated tombs, Tomb No. 139 is the largest: it is an earthen shaft tomb with a ledge around the bottom on which human victims were found. The burial furniture included one inner coffin and one outer chamber, beneath which a waist pit was located. Numerous grave goods were unearthed from this tomb, including large-sized bronzes, jades and stone artifacts. The scale, burial furniture, human victims and grave goods of this tomb all reflect that Tomb No.139 was a rare high-ranking elite tomb of the Erligang Period.

Heat Transfer Performance of a Dual-Chamber Finned Solar Absorber for Concentrating Solar Evaporator Applications

This paper explores the performance advantages of a novel design of an evaporator-superheater for Rankine solar applications. The solar absorber device consists of a dual-chamber design in which the outer chamber contains fins for enhanced heat transfer allowing for multi-pass working fluid to accomplish both single phase and multiphase heat transfer in a simple low-cost manner. Analytical models to predict heat transfer performance and frictional losses in this design are described. Nondimensional analysis compares multiple strip-fin configurations for the outer chamber to establish optimal constructions. Predicted performance of the dual-chamber design is compared to traditional single chamber solar absorber tube for a 10 kW case study. The design analysis indicates that the concentric dual-chamber design minimizes heat loss to the surroundings providing a high level of evaporator performance.

Anterograde Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Proteins in Axons of Peripheral Human Fetal Neurons: an Immunoelectron Microscopy Study

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivates from latency in the neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and is subsequently transported anterogradely along the axon to be shed at the skin or mucosa. Although we have previously shown that only unenveloped nucleocapsids are present in axons during anterograde transport, the mode of transport of tegument proteins and glycoproteins is not known. We used a two-chamber culture model with human fetal DRG cultivated in an inner chamber, allowing axons to grow out and penetrate an agarose barrier and interact with autologous epidermal cells in the outer chamber. After HSV infection of the DRG, anterograde transport of viral components could be examined in the axons in the outer chamber at different time points by electron and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). In the axons, unenveloped nucleocapsids or focal collections of gold immunolabel for nucleocapsid (VP5) and/or tegument (VP16) were detected. VP5 and VP16 usually colocalized in both scanning and transmission IEM. In contrast, immunolabel for glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD was diffusely distributed in axons and was rarely associated with VP5 or VP16. In longitudinal sections of axons, immunolabel for glycoprotein was arrayed along the membranes of axonal vesicles. These findings provide evidence that in DRG axons, virus nucleocapsids coated with tegument proteins are transported separately from glycoproteins and suggest that final assembly of enveloped virus occurs at the axon terminus.

A method for measuring hyphal nutrient and water uptake in mycorrhizal plants

A new system was designed that permits examination of long distance transport of water and nutrients through mycorrhizal hyphae without the architectural, nutritional, and physiological differences associated with comparing mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. The "rhizobox" system consists of a rectangular box with a chamber where mycorrhizal plants are grown and an outer chamber where hyphae proliferate. The two chambers are separated by root-excluding screens and an air gap. Two slightly different experiments examined hyphal transport. The first experiment demonstrated the difficulties of comparing water use by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants because of dissimilarities in plant architecture. The second experiment avoided the problem by comparing intact mycorrhizal plants with plants where hyphae passing to the outer chamber were severed. In the outer chamber, a 5 mM solution of RbCl was injected. Intact mycorrhizal plants transpired 35% more water than plants with severed hyphae in 16 h. The source of transpired water was the outer chamber, as suggested by lower soil moisture in the outer chamber and a higher Rb content in intact plants. This demonstrates an active role in water and nutrient transport by mycorrhizal hyphae, since plants were of a similar nature except for hyphal access to the outer chamber. Key words: water transport, mycorrhizal plants, rhizobox system, nutrient transport, hyphae.