Cognitive and Affective Factors in Temporal Experience: Anticipated or Experienced Pleasant and Unpleasant Sensory Events

120 Ss reproduced and verbally estimated short (48 sec.) or long (144 sec.) durations under conditions of smelling or anticipating smelling a pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral substance. They were initially unaware the study would involve judgments of time. The two durations yielded significant differences. Anticipation conditions were generally judged longer than conditions where Ss actually smelled the substances. No significant differences were found among the Pleasant, Unpleasant, and Neutral conditions, although Ss tended to underestimate the Neutral condition relative to the others. Absolute accuracy of the judgments among the conditions was significant for duration only, with the longer duration providing the larger errors. A moderate correlation (.50) was found between verbal estimation and reproduction measures. Results were discussed in relation to relevant literature on time judgment.

Some naturally occurring dimethylchromenes. II. Alloevodione

The neutral substance C13H11O2(OCH3)3, m.p. 81 �C, isolated from the leaves of Evodia elleryana F. Muell. by Jones and Wright (1946) is shown to be 5,6,7-trimethoxy-8-acetyl-2,2-dimethylchromene (alloevodione), an isomer of evodione already known from the same plant. Various samples from the leaves of E. elleryana differ in chromene content. A sample from the leaves of E. bonwickii F. Muell. contained no neutral chromenes.

FURTHER DEGRADATION REACTIONS OF ANNOTININE

Both the hydroxylactone obtained by the action of chromous chloride on annotinine chlorohydrin, and the unsaturated lactone B prepared by the action of the same reagent on the hydroxylactone, contain a secondary nitrogen and a vinyl group. The unsaturated lactone A which accompanies the hydroxylactone is a cyclic allylamine which on oxidation with potassium permanganate yields an amino acid C14H19O4N. These facts make it possible to explain the reaction of chromous chloride with annotinine chlorohydrin. The amino acid can be de-hydrogenated to an acid containing a free carboxyl and a lactamic grouping (C14H15O3N) but no longer containing a lactone ring. The lactamic acid which seems to contain a benzene ring is readily decarboxylated to a neutral substance C13H15ON, showing color reactions and ultraviolet absorption similar to those of strychnine.

THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XVIII. FUMARIA OFFICINALIS L.

An examination of Fumaria officinalis has disclosed the presence of seven alkaloids. Of these, only protopine (0.05%) had been previously reported. In this plant other known alkaloids are dl-tetrahydro-coptisine (2.5 p.p.m.), cryptocavine (20 p.p.m.), aurotensine (0.4 p.p.m.), and possibly sinactine (22 p.p.m.) which, however, was not conclusively identified and is referred to as alkaloid F36. The remaining two alkaloids are apparently new; F37 (26 p.p.m.), C21H23O5N, is non-phenolic and contains two methoxyl groups; F38 (3 p.p.m.) C20H19O6N, is phenolic and is probably a phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid. A neutral substance, C11H16O3, was also isolated.Attention is directed to the significance of alkaloid structure in an evolutionary series of plants, and some preliminary generalizations are adumbrated.

The Nature of Substance

The classical and scholastic view of things was of neutral substance to which qualities were attached as substantial adjuncts. Qualities could apparently not be conceived of otherwise than as entities: blueness, hardness, pliability, toughness, translucency, and so on. Noun substantives were the part of speech by which they could most properly be referred to. The use of adjectives did not imply that these qualities were not substantival entities, but emphasized their subordinateness to the thing itself, and were useful in giving pliability, lightness, and elegance to speech. But qualities could not be conceived of otherwise than as something superadded to the neutral substance which carried them.