Microstructure-Forming Mechanism of Optical Sheet Based on Polymer State Transition in Injection-Rolling Process

Polymeric optical sheets are significant components in large-scale display devices and are difficult to fabricate due to small size and high accuracy of large-area microstructures. As a newly developed molding technique, injection-rolling is capable of continuously and efficiently achieving large-area microstructures on the polymer surface with short time and high replication. However, the microstructure-forming mechanism during the injection-rolling process has not been fully understood. In this paper, a three-dimensional steady-state heat-flow coupling simulation model of the injection-rolling zone was established to obtain the distributions of the polymer state transition interfaces. According to the state transition interfaces, the entire microstructure-forming process was numerically simulated by dividing into filling and embossing stages to systematically analyze the effects of the polymer state transition interface on filling rate. After this, the relationship between process parameters such as injection temperature, rolling speed, and roll temperature and polymer state transition interface was investigated to develop a position prediction model of the state transition interface. In addition, the optical sheet injection-rolling experiments were also carried out to reveal that the filling rate of the microstructures on the optical sheet can be affected by varying the positions of the state transition interfaces. Therefore, the microstructure-forming mechanism could be revealed as theoretical guidance for the subsequent injection-rolling production with high quality and high efficiency.

Visco-elastic-plastic movement of wood material

Материал древесины как природный полимер в зависимости от характера теплового движения может находиться в трех релаксационных состояниях: стеклообразном, в котором возможны только колебательные движения атомов в макромолекулах, высокоэластичном, в котором возможны колебательные движения звеньев и сегментов и их взаимная подвижность, вязкотекучем, в котором имеет место подвижность макромолекул и элементов надмолекулярной структуры в целом. Этим состояниям соответствуют агрегатные структуры: первому твердая, второму твердая и третьему жидкая. В тепловом поле при повышении температуры происходят переходы полимера из одного релаксационного состояния в другое. При охлаждении происходят переходы в обратном направлении. В пространственно градиентных температурных полях полимер может находиться одновременно в твердом и жидком состояниях. Представленным трем релаксационным состояниям полимера ставится в соответствие обобщенная модель вязко-упруго-пластического тела. Уравнения движения материала древесины построены на основании феноменологических представлений механики сплошной среды, замыкание уравнений выполнено на основе связи тензора напряжений с тензором деформаций в соответствии с выбранной реологической моделью для материала древесины как полимера. Уравнения построены для однородной сплошной среды, при переходе к неоднородной скалярные релаксационные параметры состояния полимера необходимо представлять в тензорной форме. Данное исследование может рассматриваться как элемент основ механики биополимеров. Wood material, as a natural polymer, depending on the nature of thermal motion can be in three relaxation States: glassy, in which only vibrational movements of atoms in macromolecules are possible highly elastic, in which vibrational movements of links and segments are possible, and their mutual mobility viscous, in which there is mobility of macromolecules and elements of supramolecular structure as a whole. These States correspond to aggregate structures: the first solid, the second solid and the third liquid. In the thermal field, when the temperature rises, the polymer transitions from one relaxation state to another. When cooled, transitions occur in the opposite direction. In spatially gradient temperature fields the polymer can be simultaneously in solid and liquid States. The generalized model of visco-elastic-plastic body is put in accordance with the presented three relaxation States of the polymer. The equations of motion of the material of wood is built on the basis of phenomenological concepts of continuum mechanics, the circuit equations is made on the basis of when the stress tensor with the strain tensor in accordance with the selected rheological model for wood material, like a polymer. The equations are constructed for a homogeneous continuous medium, in the transition to inhomogeneous scalar relaxation parameters of the polymer state must be represented in tensor form. This study can be considered as an element of the foundations of biopolymer mechanics.

Light-induced actuating nanotransducers

Nanoactuators and nanomachines have long been sought after, but key bottlenecks remain. Forces at submicrometer scales are weak and slow, control is hard to achieve, and power cannot be reliably supplied. Despite the increasing complexity of nanodevices such as DNA origami and molecular machines, rapid mechanical operations are not yet possible. Here, we bind temperature-responsive polymers to charged Au nanoparticles, storing elastic energy that can be rapidly released under light control for repeatable isotropic nanoactuation. Optically heating above a critical temperature Tc = 32 °C using plasmonic absorption of an incident laser causes the coatings to expel water and collapse within a microsecond to the nanoscale, millions of times faster than the base polymer. This triggers a controllable number of nanoparticles to tightly bind in clusters. Surprisingly, by cooling below Tc their strong van der Waals attraction is overcome as the polymer expands, exerting nanoscale forces of several nN. This large force depends on van der Waals attractions between Au cores being very large in the collapsed polymer state, setting up a tightly compressed polymer spring which can be triggered into the inflated state. Our insights lead toward rational design of diverse colloidal nanomachines.

TWO TEMPERATURE DESCRIPTION OF RNA-LIKE POLYMER

The two-temperature description of the RNA-like molecule is invented. Instead of equilibrium treatment of the polymer state, the steady state viewpoint is proposed. The molecule is considered as being in an adiabatic steady state, which is a non-equilibrium one. The general approach to the molecule in such a steady state is discussed and the simple model with saturating bonds is considered. The relation between mean square end-to-end distance and the number of monomers is derived for the simple system under condition T>Θ. The obtained relation depends on additional so-called disorder temperature.

Rb1C60: Linear Polymer Chains and Dimers

ABSTRACTThe infrared- and Raman-active vibrational modes of C60 were measured in the various structural states of Rb1C60. According to earlier studies, Rb1 C60 has an f cc structure at temperatures above ∼ 100°C, a linear chain polymer orthorhombic structure when slowly cooled, and an as yet undetermined structure when very rapidly cooled (“quenched”). We show that the spectra obtained in the polymer state are consistent with each C60 molecule having bonds to two diametrically opposite neighbors. In the quenched state, we find evidence for further symmetry breaking, implying a lower symmetry structure than the polymer state. The spectroscopic data of the quenched phase are shown to be consistent with Rb2(C60)2, a dimerization of C60.