Kajian Formulasi Track Access Charge (TAC) atas Penggunaan Prasarana Perkeretaapian

dikenal dengan Track Access Charge (TAC) adalah biaya yang harus dibayar oleh Penyelenggara Sarana Perkeretaapian untuk penggunaan prasarana perkeretaapian yang dimiliki atau dioperasikan oleh Penyelenggara Prasarana Perkeretaapian. Rumus/formula yang tertuang dalam PP 5 Tahun 2016 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak yang Berlaku Pada Kementerian Perhubungan setelah disimplifikasi diinterpertasikan menjadi TAC = 0,75 IMO. Oleh karena itu diperlukan formula yang sesuai dengan PP 61/2016 untuk menghitung beban rill penggunaan prasarana KA. Pertanyaan penelitian: Bagaimana formula dan satuan biaya penggunaan TAC yang ideal? Tujuan dari kegiatan penelitian ini adalah tersusunnya rekomendasi formula dan komponen biaya yang menjadi dasar perhitungan TAC. Analisis yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan penelitian ini adalah diskriptif kualitatif dengan menggambarkan kondisi frekuensi KA yang melintas serta tonase yang menjadi beban prasarana KA untuk dijadikan acuan penarikan TAC. Berdasarkan analisis dan pembahasan data primer maupun sekunder, rumus TAC eksisting tidak bisa mengukur satuan biaya yang objektif sehingga perlu dibuat rumus sesuai simulasi perhitungan Potensi per Daop di Jawa Timur dengan menggunakan rumus (TACKA = GTKA x KMKA x Satuan Biaya Penggunan Prasarana x FP). untuk KA Angkutan Perintis/ Kedinasan Fp = 0; KA Angkutan Penumpang Ekonomi Fp = 0,5; KA Angkutan Penumpang Komersial/ Non PSO Fp = 1; KA Angkutan Barang Fp = 0,75. Simulasi perhitungan potensi TAC di lokasi survei Tim Penelitian antara lain: Daop 7 Madiun = Rp. 75.218.667.659; Daop 8 Surabaya = Rp. 200.973.148.808; Daop 9 Jember = Rp. 31.030.663.462.

Competition in the railway passenger market: The challenge of liberalization

European country members have been opening up to competition railway passenger services in recent years, whereas others still remain on the way to liberalization. The recent Commission’s fourth European Union (EU) Railway Package has updated the European legislation to ensure an effective liberalization within the EU country members by 2020. It is intended to enhance firms’ efficiency and also consumers’ benefits. In this article, we study different paths towards liberalization from the traditional state-owned monopoly configuration. First, the monopoly outcome is presented, as it is the current situation in a number of EU country members. Second, the oligopoly models are introduced to study different paths towards an effective competition as a result of different market configurations. It is found that liberalization may enhance consumer surplus keeping operators’ profitability only when variable costs and access charge to the network are low. Finally, some regulatory measures are discussed.

Access Pricing Under Imperfect Competition Reconsidered

This paper claims that Onemli’s results published in “Access Pricing under Imperfect Competition”, Review of Economic Perspectives, 2012, are incorrect. Contrary to Onemli, we claim that in an industry, where a monopoly incumbent produces a key input used by itself and its competitors on a downstream market which is Cournot oligopoly, the regulator should set the second-best access charge such that the incumbent’s total profit is zero if the first-best access charge is not feasible. The competitors’ ability to produce the key input themselves does not change the outcome since no competitor chooses to use this option under this regulation. We also discuss some limitations of the Onemli’s model.