Scientific ideologies on the move: Sino-British exchanges, scientific freedoms and the governance of science in Britain, 1961–1966

In the early 1960s, amidst a period of considerable debate surrounding how civil science in Britain should be governed, British scientists—especially those associated with the Royal Society—and their counterparts in the People's Republic of China (PRC) began tentative exchange programmes. Although such unusual interactions between Cold War adversaries were enabled by claims that science was a universal and apolitical phenomenon, the ways in which institutional and individual participants were embroiled in these domestic debates illuminate how their ideological outlooks shaped their views on exchange and on the science they encountered. By focusing on three interrelated exchanges during this period—an individual scientist's visit to the PRC, a Royal Society delegation to China, and a larger research programme bringing junior Chinese researchers to Britain—I argue that participating British scientists' conceptualizations of ‘scientific freedom’ framed how they judged science in China, and the value of these exchanges; their observations and actions during these interactions reflected their views on domestic British debates over the governance of science. This study thereby sheds light on how the ideological attitudes of participants of science diplomacy shape its practice.

Crowdsourcing transcription of historical manuscripts: Citizen science as a force of revealing historical evidence from Croatian Glagolitic manuscript

This paper is a report on the project Civil Science in the Field of Glagolitics: from crowdsourcing to knowledge and it describes its first phase. The project is being conducted by the scientific Centre for Research in Glagolitism of the University of Zadar, Croatia, from 2021 to 2022. The researchers come from the Centre, as well as from the Department of Information Sciences of the University of Zadar and State Archive in Zadar, Croatia. The main objective of the project is to examine the possibilities and benefits of citizen participation in the scholarly projects in humanities, particularly the projects whose object of research are manuscripts written in historical script that present a valuable source for local history. The term historical script refers to a script that is not used nowadays as an official script in any country or community but was in use a particular period of history on a certain territory. The corpus for the pilot study conducted within this project consists of manuscripts and their fragments written in cursive form of the Croatian Glagolitic script. Glagolitic script is the oldest known Slavic script, introduced in the 9th century and being used in Croatia up until the 19th century, simultaneously with Latin and Cyrillic scripts. The citizen participation is researched on the example of crowdsourcing transcription of manuscripts written in cursive form of the Croatian Glagolitic script. In the first phase of the project, the pilot study was conducted. The aim of the pilot study presented in this paper is to create a solid basis for involving the public in scientific projects within the disciplines of humanities whose object of research are documents written in historical scripts, namely within the field of the Croatian Glagolitics.

“That Democratic Ink Must Be Wiped Away”: Hobbes and the Normativity of Democracy

Hobbes's preference for monarchical sovereign forms and his critique of democratic political organization are well known. In this article I suggest, however, that his opposition to democratic life constitutes the central frame through which we must understand some of the most important theoretical mutations that occur throughout the various stages of his civil science. Key alterations in the Hobbesian political theory from The Elements of Law to Leviathan can be interpreted as efforts to retroactively foreclose the emergence of a substantive democratic normativity that the prior theoretical framework allowed for or suggested. Hobbes's opposition to democracy is ultimately so significant so as to fundamentally structure various key elements of his political philosophy.

THE EMERGENCE OF A PERSON'S LEGAL CAPACITY

В статье рассматриваются проблемы правового регулирования правоспособности физического лица, в частности, определения момента, с которого она возникает у гражданина. При этом, возникают дискуссии в цивилистической науке, как России, так и зарубежных стран, о том, кто является человеком в правовом смысле. Иногда эти понятия в праве и медицине не совпадают, что требует совершенствования законодательства. The article deals with the problems of legal regulation of the legal capacity of an individual, in particular, determining the moment from which it arises for a citizen. At the same time, there are discussions in civil science, both in Russia and abroad, about who is a person in the legal sense. Sometimes these concepts in law and medicine do not coincide, which requires the improvement of legislation.

Simondon Contra New Materialism: Political Anthropology Reloaded

This paper responds to an invitation to historians of political thought to enter the debate on new materialism. It combines Simondon’s philosophy of individuation with some aspects of post-humanist and new materialist thought, without abandoning a more classically ‘historical’ characterization of materialism. Two keywords drawn from Barad and Simondon respectively – ‘ontoepistemology’ and ‘axiontology’ – represent the red thread of a narrative that connects the early modern invention of civil science (emblematically represented here by the ‘conceptual couple’ Descartes-Hobbes) to Wiener’s cybernetic theory of society. The political stakes common to these forms of mechanical materialism were attacked ontologically, epistemologically and politically by Simondon. His approach, I will argue, opens the path for a genuine materialist critique of the political anthropology implicit in modern political thought, and shifts political thinking from politics conceived as a problem to be solved to politics as an arena of strategic experimentation.

Emergence of the category of “accessority” and historical peculiarities of its reception in Russian civil law

The subject of the article is the examination of evolution of the institution of accessory obligations and its gradual “infiltration” into Russian law. The author reviews the genesis of the category of “accessority” in Roman law, within the framework of which its initial formula “the validity of the accessory legal relationship is predetermined by the validity of the basic legal relationship" gained widespread. Description is given to the peculiarities of evolution of accessority in Russian law. In civil law of pre-revolutionary Russia, accessority was being neglected for a long time. In the Soviet period, the identification of the terms “security obligation” and “accessory obligation” established in civil science. Currently, in Russian law, the concept of “accessority” is identified with the security obligation. The conclusion is made on versatility of the category of “accessority”. In the course of the development of law, the concept of accessory obligations undergone significant changes – from perception of accessority as a certain obligation that ensures the repayment of debt and the transfer of “belonging” to the sold goods towards its identification with security obligations as a whole. With time, the opinion that accessority is attributed to different types of obligations with own features and specifics, has established in the legal doctrine. The relevance of the selected topic is defined by a range of problematic questions, which have not been previously covered in Russian civil science. Thus, the legislation of the Russian Federation does not contain a legal definition of the concept of accessory obligations. The civil law doctrine also does not have a unanimity of opinion on the matter. The authors assume that the established situation, namely in the context of the civil legislation that has been fundamentally reformed in 2012 – 2015, does not contribute to unified understanding of the essence of accessory obligations and optimization of their doctrinal interpretation.

ON INTERACTION OF MATERIAL AND PROCEDURAL LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF REFORMING THE NOMENCLATURE OF SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTIES IN JURISPRUDENCE

Introduction: the influence of the material branches of law on the content and development of procedural branches has long been substantiated in the legal literature. At the same time, civil law scholars, limited by the scope of the nomenclature of scientific specialties in legal sciences, do not have the opportunity to conduct dissertation research aimed at identifying the influence of procedural branches on the norms of substantive law. With regard to scientific research, the study of such an impact is currently permissible only within the specialty 12.00.15. Reforming the nomenclature of scientific specialties towards its enlargement creates the basis for the development of the scientific theory of intersectoral relations, developed by M.Iu. Chelyshev. An in-depth study of the intersectoral interaction of civil law and civil procedure will contribute not only to the development of scientific knowledge, but also will allow solving practical problems at a different methodological level. Purpose: to analyze the stages of the formation of scientific specialties in the context of the relationship between civil law and procedure, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of uniting and dividing civil law and procedure in scientific research, to analyze dissertations in different periods of development of the science of civil law and the science of civil procedure, to formulate ways to improve directions of research to bridge the gap between the science of civil law and procedure. Methods: empirical methods of description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. The legal-dogmatic private scientific method was used. Results: identified the main views on the ratio of material and procedural branches in legal science; it is illustrated that the intersectoral approach is currently admissible only for dissertations in the specialty 12.00.15, which led to an almost complete absence of scientific research on this topic in civil science; substantiated the need to establish the bilateral nature of the relationship and interaction of material and procedural block. Conclusions: reforming the nomenclature of scientific specialties by right in the direction of their enlargement should have a positive effect on bridging the gap that has developed between works on civil law and civil law procedure in the last years of their separate existence. This is especially true of civil science, which developed its own scientific theories in isolation from the possibilities of their implementation within the framework of procedural law. The methodological basis for solving these problems has already been formed – this is an intersectoral method, the application of which is justified and demonstrated in the works of M.Iu. Chelyshev.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT BASIS OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF INNOVATION AND INTELLECTUAL WORK

The article systematizes the organizational forms of cooperation in the field of innovation and intellectual work. Such forms are described in terms of commercial (IT companies; innovative enterprises; consulting agencies), cooperative (innovation centers; coworking centers; outsourcing companies, business incubators, industrial parks), virtual (freelance exchanges; IT, incu; crowdsourcing of the online platform) and non-profit (research institutions, research and innovation centers; institutes of civil science, “Creative Commons”; “IT-House” networks). The organizational forms, priority in development for formation of technological and singular economic system of the Carpathian region at the local level are defined. The importance of coworking centers for the development of the organizational basis of cooperation in the field of innovation and intellectual work is substantiated. Organizational forms of cooperation in the field of innovation and intellectual work play a significant role in mobilizing intellectual potential aimed at realization in knowledge-intensive areas of the economy. The effectiveness of such forms depends on compliance with the principle of organization - individual and group performance with the provision of super-additive effect, the possibility of reaching higher levels of cooperation. It is noted that the development of technological-singular regional economic systems is based on the localization of innovation processes and the creation of cells of intellectual labor in the region. Depending on the specifics of the economy and the structure of employment, for different regions should be defined specific organizational forms of cooperation in the field of innovation and intellectual work. For regions where the IT sphere is actively developing and employment on a freelance basis is widespread, coworking centers are an actual form of development of local technological and singular systems. Their network is the optimal basis for strengthening technological and singular processes in the economy through organized interaction with other institutions.

CARTOGRAPHIC ASPECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITION OF REALITY

A map is a means of knowing the territory, but the user’ cognitive activity, interest to maps and the readiness level are different. The levels of an experienced user who reads a map using their professional knowledge of the mapping object being studied, and a student who started studying a school subject and does not have any basic knowledge of the subject being studied. The article proposes a structural cognition model of the surrounding reality with the help of such a means of cognition as a map. Cognitive activity is carried out on the basis of sensory cognition, theoretical thinking and practi-cal activity. It occurs when a certain new phenomenon – a stimulus – appears, which, with the help of an orientation reflex, activates the child's interest in new means of cognition of the surrounding reality – the map. Cognitive activity involves subconsciousness, intelligence, and consciousness, which form new knowledge about the environment. The process of child’s cognitive activity can be controlled by an assistant (teacher, parent) or can take place independently. Knowledge about the region is proposed to be formed by using a cognitive model of the region, visualized by the cartographic method. Such a model contains a certain set of thematic layers, characterizing the region as a whole, from all sides of natural, socio-economic aspects. The cognitive model allows working with a separate topic, disclosed in a specific map and getting comprehensive knowledge about the region, thereby fulfilling the strategic objectives of the State Program for 2019-2030, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 27.03.2019 No. 337 "Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation" to provide conditions for the development of "civil" science, expanding the access of citizens of the Russian Federation to scientific knowledge and participation in their acquisition.

LEGAL EXPERIMENT AS CIVIL SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHOD

Introduction: experimentation is a widely used method of cognition in all scientific spheres, especially in natural branches of human knowledge. Jurisprudence uses the concept of legal experiment which most often understood as a law-making experiment consisting of creation of an experimental legal norm and introducing it on some territory or in some sphere of public relations. However, the phenomenon of legal experiment should also cover a research experiment as a special juridical method of cognition. Purpose: to characterize the possibilities of using the method of legal experiment in civil law research. Methods: a dialectical approach being the leading one forms the methodological basis of the work, complimented by the general scientific methods of cognition as well as the legal-dogmatic method and the hermeneutical method of legal studies. Results: the distinction was made between law-making and legal research experiments, the scope and limits of application of each of them were demonstrated; the necessity was explained of differentiation between the legal experiment method and the real results obtained upon exercising it; the necessity was proved of differentiating between imaginary and real-life experiments, this allowing to qualify only real-life experiment as a scientific research experiment constituting a special method of legal cognition. The main goals of the experiment in civil scientific works are testing the hypothesis and creating effective legal implementation practices.