FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CLOZAPINE TRANSDERMAL PATCHES

The Clozapine is available in the form of 25 Yellow Tablets of 100mg. Clozapine is very famous in now-a-days due to its use of optimisation in transdermal metric basically for experimental process and design.it is used for the improvement of bioavailability. The medications are demonstrated for mitigating the risk of recurrent suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia patients or schizoaffective disorder who really are evaluated to be at persistent risk of convolutional suicidal behaviour in a historical and controlled experimental state. The paper provides a brief analysis of Clozapine drugs Usage, Formulation and Evaluation. The drugs were used upon animals at first to test the effects. There are several side effects of Clozapine that includes High fever and also symptoms like flu, Weakness and dizziness, allergy in skin and red spots, Sometimes itching problems in vaginal, in serious problems it can also create breathing problems and worsening cough. This is known as the Second Generation Antipsychotic that helps in balancing the dopamine and serotonin that improves the cognitive functions like mood, thinking and behaviour of an individual. Clozapine is restricted to use however it is used under one particular condition i.e. when the person suffering from Schizophrenia does not respond to other medications, have suicidal incidents or have positive symptoms. Furthermore, considerable clinical study has proven that clozapine seems to be more efficacious than just about any other antipsychotic drug throughout therapeutic interventions and therefore it clearly outperforms some other antipsychotics with in treatment of recurrent schizoaffective disorder. KEYWORDS: schizophrenia, transdermal, clozapine, antipsychotic

Frequency of Complications after Electroconvulsive Treatment in Patients with Schizophrenia

Objective: To determine the frequency of complications after electroconvulsive treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychiatry, Balochistan Institute of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Quetta 1st August 2020 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients of both genders were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 20-70years. Patient’s detailed demographics age, sex and mean body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients of schizophrenia received electroconvulsive treatment. Frequency of immediate complications was observed after each session of electroconvulsive treatment and at the end of electroconvulsive treatment frequency of long term complications were observed. Results: Sixty five (54.17%) were males and 55 (45.83%) were females with mean age were 40.14±3.45 years and mean body mass index 22.14±6.12 kg/m2. Mean electroconvulsive treatment sessions was 88.13±6.87. Mean hospitalization stay was 3.4±2.04 weeks. Frequency of immediate complications were 25 (20.83%) among patients after electroconvulsive treatment session. Among 20.83%, frequency of body aches was 7 (8.83%), headache was in 11 (9.17%), frequency of transient amnesia was among 3 (2.5%) and hypertension was among 4 (3.33%). Significantly no any delay complications were observed in continuously sessions among enrolled cases. Conclusion: The use of electroconvulsive treatment sessions in patients of schizophrenia was effective because no any delay complications were observed in this treatment. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), Treatment sessions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Improve Self-Esteem of Schizophrenics

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in terms of thoughts, emotions, and behavior. The employed assessment methods consist of interviews, observation, psychological tests, and documentation. The subjects were schizophrenics with low self-esteem problems. The treatment strategy through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was aimed to change negative thoughts and maladaptive behavior to increase self-esteem. The result was a change in the form of thoughts or beliefs that everyone had weaknesses and strengths, including themselves, and an increase in self-esteem scores. Keywords: Schizophrenia, self-esteem, cognitive behavioral therapy

GAMBARAN STATUS MENTAL PADA PASIEN SKIZOFRENIA DI LEMBAGA KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL YAYASAN AL FAJAR BERSERI BEKASI

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that shows disruption in cognitive function (mind) in the form of disorganization, Schizophrenia attacks at productive age and is the most dominant mental disorder compared to other mental disorders. An assessment of the mental status of schizophrenic patients is done to find out how emotional and psychomotor levels and behavior. Mental rehabilitation institutions are the main place for schizophrenics. This report contains the mental status of Schizophrenic patients at the Al Fajar Berseri Foundation. The subjects in this study consisted of two respondents. Data collection uses interview and observation techniques. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. The conclusion of the study is the cause of schizophrenia, namely environmental factors such as stress due to stress caused by the environment, psychological such as inability to solve problems internally. Keywords: Schizophrenia, mental status Skizofrenia merupakan kelainan jiwa yang menunjukkan gangguan dalam fungsi kognitif (pikiran) berupa disorganisasi, skizofrenia menyerang pada usia produktif dan merupakan gangguan jiwa yang paling mendominasi dibandingkan gangguan jiwa lainnya. Pengkajian pada status mental pasien Skizofrenia dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana tingkat dan perilaku emosi serta psikomotor. Panti rehabilitasi mental menjadi tempat yang utama untuk para penderita skizofrenia. Laporan ini berisi tentang status mental pasien Skizofrenia di Yayasan Al Fajar Berseri. Subjek dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari dua responden. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara dan Observasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah penyebab skizofrenia yaitu faktor lingkungan seperti stress akibat tekanan yang disebabkan oleh lingkungan, psikologis seperti ketidakmampuan dalam pemecahan masalah secara internal. Kata kunci: Skizofrenia, status mental

DISABILITY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN SCHIZOPHENIA: A CROSSSECTIONAL STUDY. (RELATION BETWEEN DISABILITY AND POSITIVE, NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS)

The aim of the study was to see if there is any association between disability, positive- negative symptoms in patients of schizophrenia. Study had a crossectional design with purposive sampling in 50 patients with schizophrenia. Subjects were assessed using sociodemographic and clinical data sheet, PANSS, IDEAS (disability) . The result of the study revealed a significant association was seen between IDEAS and WCST variables in patients of schizophrenia. A significant association was also seen between PANSS (positive and negative score) with IDEAS and WCST variables (disability and executive functions being more strongly associated with negative symptoms). On correlation analysis of socio-demographic and clinical data with IDEAS and WCST variables, a significant correlation (positive) of age and duration of illness was seen with IDEAS. Executive functions and negative symptoms are crucial for functional outcome and independent living and are important target for intervention in order to reduce disability and improve quality of life in patients suffering from Schizophrenia. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Disability, Positive–negative symptoms, Executive functions.

The clinical significance of serum free DNA concentration detection in patients with schizophrenia

Background: Cell-free DNA(cf-DNA) has been described as an effectived biomarker in autoimmune disease, which mainly due to the release of apoptotic cells. In this study, we hypothesized and explored the relationship between cf-DNA and the influencing factors of the appearance and development of schizophrenia, so as to provide the basis for further research, prevention and treatment. Methods: We analysed and compared the concentration of cf-DNA in 174 schizophrenia patients and matched 100 healthy controls using quantitative real-time PCR by amplifying the Alu repeats. Results: We found that cf-DNA levels in peripheral blood reliably distinguished schizophrenia from a normal control group. In addition, we found by tracking the median absolute concentration of serum cf-DNA in primary cases, we found a distinct increase at prior treatment and it then decreased progressively at post treatment. Conclusions: Our study quantified cf-DNA in SZ patients serum by using conventional RT-qPCR. The detection of cf-DNA concentration was valuable for monitoring disease duration of SZ patients and laid a foundation for the study of the molecular mechanism of SZ disease. Keywords: schizophrenia, circulating cell-free DNA, Alu

Is there any association between manganese level and schizophrenia? - a descriptive review

Introduction: Manganese has a role in the membrane transport systems, synthesis of protein, vitamin C, and vitamins B, catalysis of hematopoiesis, regulation of the endocrine, immune system, blood sugar, reproduction, digestion, and blood coagulation. Furthermore, the level of manganese concentrations in human body appears to affect the occurrence of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to search for relationships between the manganese level and the onset of schizophrenia.Material and methods: A descriptive review was performed based on a literature search on Medline and Google scholar from 2003 to 2020, using keywords: schizophrenia, manganese, Mn. The included studies were meta-analyses, case-control studies, and cohort studies that examined differences in manganese concentrations in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.Result: Eight studies were selected for the review, with one reporting elevated levels of manganese, two showing no significant differences, and the rest including two meta-analyses stating lower manganese concentrations in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with controls.Conclusion: In most of the researched studies, manganese concentrations in patients with schizophrenia were lower than in control groups, but not all of them reached the same conclusions. The relationship between manganese levels and schizophrenia must be further investigated.

Antipsychotics during Pregnancy: Pros and Cons

Background: As a general rule, medical professionals agree that it is best to avoid all drugs during pregnancy. Sometimes, however, drugs are essential to a woman’s health and well-being and to the safety of her fetus. Aim: The aim of this article is to review the pros and cons of pregnant women with schizophrenia remaining on antipsychotic medication. Method: The medical database, PubMed, was initially searched for literature in English of the last 5 years using the search terms: “pregnancy” and “antipsychotics”. Forty-four papers were selected. Results: There is no easy answer to the question of the wisdom of continuing antipsychotics during pregnancy. The reviewed literature suggests that the decision depends on the woman’s previous experience, the severity of her illness, her stage of pregnancy, and the specifics of the drug she is taking. Conclusion: As long as the woman is well-informed and competent to make decisions, she needs to carefully weigh benefits against risks to make the final determination. Whatever the decision, close clinical monitoring is warranted throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period. Keywords: Schizophrenia; Adverse Effects; Antipsychotic Discontinuation; Pregnancy

Theta waves in treating Auditory Hallucinations using Super-conscious meditation.

Theta waves, generated in intense 10 minute superconscious meditation has been known to reduce the incidence of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenics, in a study using the Muse Headset, a new era of personal EEG wearables, the author, over a period of 3 weeks has proven the efficacy of superconscious meditation in successfully preventing psychosis in schizophrenia spectrum disorder, in conjunction with stuffed toy based avatar therapy, meditation could work as a replacement for psychiatric medicines, which have harmful side effects and often increase the severity of symptoms, rather than heal them. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Auditory Hallucinations, EEG Wearables, Avatar Therapy, Theta Waves.

THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF SPIRITUALITY OF PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA IN BOARDING SCHOOL (PONDOK PESANTREN)

Introduction. Spiritual reported to have benefits for healing and quality of life for people with mental disorders including schizophrenia. Spiritual can also be a coping strategy for people with schizophrenia. This study aims to explore the experiences of people with schizophrenia who lived in the boarding school. Method. This study uses descriptive phenomenological approach. Participants in this study who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and live in boarding school and general informants. Data were obtained using indepth interviews with a tape recorder, observations, field notes and photographs. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis through hermeneutic interpretation. Results. Three main themes emerge from this study are meaning of spirituality, spirituality experience and the impact of spirituality.Discussion. The purposes of this study are (1) describes the spiritual experience that people with schizophrenia get in boarding school, (2) identify their need for spirituality, (3) identify the impact of spiritual experiences of people with schizophrenia who live in boarding school. Keywords: schizophrenia, spirituality, lived experiences