scholarly journals Endogenous testosterone correlates with parochial altruism in relation to costly punishment in different social settings

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Reimers ◽  
Eli Kappo ◽  
Lucas Stadler ◽  
Mostafa Yaqubi ◽  
Esther K. Diekhof
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Rejection Rates

Testosterone plays a key role in shaping human social behavior. Recent findings have linked testosterone to altruistic behavior in economic decision tasks depending on group membership and intergroup competition. The preferential treatment of ingroup members, while aggression and discrimination is directed towards outgroup members, has been referred to as parochial altruism. Here we investigated in two consecutive studies, whether testosterone is associated with parochial altruism depending on individual tendency for costly punishment. In the first study, 61 men performed a single-shot ultimatum game (UG) in a minimal group context, in which they interacted with members of an ingroup and outgroup. In the second study, 34 men performed a single-shot UG in a more realistic group context, in which they responded to the proposals of supporters of six political parties during the German election year 2017. Political parties varied in their social distance to the participants’ favorite party as indicated by an individual ranking. Participants of study 2 also performed a cued recall task, in which they had to decide whether they had already encountered a face during the previous UG (old-new decision). In order to make the UG data of study 2 most comparable to the data of study 1, the rejection rates of several parties were combined according to the social distance ranking they achieved. Parties ranked 1 to 3 formed the relatively close and favored ‘ingroup’ that shared similar political values with the participant (e.g., left wing parties), while the ‘outgroup’ consisted of parties ranked from 4 to 6 with more distant or even antagonistic political views (e.g., conservative to right wing parties). In both studies, results showed a parochial pattern with higher rejection rates made in response to outgroup compared to ingroup offers. Interestingly, across studies higher salivary testosterone was associated with higher rejection rates related to unfair outgroup offers in comparison to the unfair offers made by ingroup members. The present findings suggest that latent intergroup biases during decision-making may be positively related to endogenous testosterone. Similar to previous evidence that already indicated a role of testosterone in shaping male parochial altruism in male soccer fans, these data underscore the general, yet rather subtle role of male testosterone also in other social settings.

scholarly journals Endogenous testosterone correlates with parochial altruism depending on decision strategy in relation to costly punishment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Reimers ◽  
Eli Kappo ◽  
Lucas Stadler ◽  
Mostafa Yaqubi ◽  
Esther K Diekhof
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Rejection Rates

Testosterone plays a key role in shaping human social behavior. Recent findings have linked testosterone to altruistic behavior in economic decision tasks depending on group membership and intergroup competition. The preferential treatment of ingroup members, while aggression and discrimination is directed towards outgroup members, has been referred to as parochial altruism. Here we investigated in two consecutive studies, whether testosterone is associated with parochial altruism depending on individual tendency for costly punishment. In the first study, 61 men performed a single-shot ultimatum game (UG) in a minimal group context, in which they interacted with members of an ingroup and an outgroup. In the second study, 34 men performed a single-shot UG in a more realistic group context, in which they responded to the proposals of supporters of six political parties during the German election year 2017. Political parties varied in their social distance to the participants’ favorite party as indicated by an individual ranking, which resulted in one ingroup (rank 1) and five outgroups of varying social distance (rank 6 referred to as the most distant outgroup). Participants also performed a cued recall task, in which they had to decide whether they had already encountered a face during the UG (old-new decision). In both studies, results showed a parochial pattern with higher rejection rates of outgroup than ingroup offers. Interestingly, higher salivary testosterone was associated with higher rejection rates related to unfair offers by the most distant outgroup, yet only in the group of self-oriented subjects (pro-selfs). Further, only the pro-selfs showed a memory advantage for unfair interaction partners in study 2, especially if those were ingroup members. The present findings suggest that the latent intergroup bias during decision-making, that was particularly visible in pro-selfs, may be related to endogenous testosterone. In line with previous evidence that already indicated a role of testosterone in shaping male parochial altruism in male soccer fans, these data underscore the general yet rather subtle role of testosterone also in other social settings.

scholarly journals Endogenous testosterone correlates with parochial altruism depending on decision strategy in relation to costly punishment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Reimers ◽  
Eli Kappo ◽  
Lucas Stadler ◽  
Mostafa Yaqubi ◽  
Esther K Diekhof
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Rejection Rates

Testosterone plays a key role in shaping human social behavior. Recent findings have linked testosterone to altruistic behavior in economic decision tasks depending on group membership and intergroup competition. The preferential treatment of ingroup members, while aggression and discrimination is directed towards outgroup members, has been referred to as parochial altruism. Here we investigated in two consecutive studies, whether testosterone is associated with parochial altruism depending on individual tendency for costly punishment. In the first study, 61 men performed a single-shot ultimatum game (UG) in a minimal group context, in which they interacted with members of an ingroup and an outgroup. In the second study, 34 men performed a single-shot UG in a more realistic group context, in which they responded to the proposals of supporters of six political parties during the German election year 2017. Political parties varied in their social distance to the participants’ favorite party as indicated by an individual ranking, which resulted in one ingroup (rank 1) and five outgroups of varying social distance (rank 6 referred to as the most distant outgroup). Participants also performed a cued recall task, in which they had to decide whether they had already encountered a face during the UG (old-new decision). In both studies, results showed a parochial pattern with higher rejection rates of outgroup than ingroup offers. Interestingly, higher salivary testosterone was associated with higher rejection rates related to unfair offers by the most distant outgroup, yet only in the group of self-oriented subjects (pro-selfs). Further, only the pro-selfs showed a memory advantage for unfair interaction partners in study 2, especially if those were ingroup members. The present findings suggest that the latent intergroup bias during decision-making, that was particularly visible in pro-selfs, may be related to endogenous testosterone. In line with previous evidence that already indicated a role of testosterone in shaping male parochial altruism in male soccer fans, these data underscore the general yet rather subtle role of testosterone also in other social settings.

Why are well-adjusted people seen more accurately? The role of personality-behavior congruence in naturalistic social settings.

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J. Human ◽  
Marie-Catherine Mignault ◽  
Jeremy C. Biesanz ◽  
Katherine H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Settings

The Role of Social Distance in the Collaborative Consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-72
Author(s):  
Juyoung Kang ◽  
Sooyun Kim ◽  
Kim Heejin ◽  
Sunmee Choi
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Collaborative Consumption

On the Role of Fairness and Social Distance in Designing Effective Social Referral Systems

MIS Quarterly ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yili Hong ◽  
◽  
Paul A. Pavlou ◽  
Nan Shi ◽  
Kanliang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Referral Systems

СТРУКТУРА, МОДЕЛИ И СТРАТЕГИИ УЧАСТИЯ ГОРОДСКИХ СООБЩЕСТВ В КОНФЛИКТАХ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
А. И. Кольба ◽  
Н. В. Кольба
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
City Government ◽  
Expert Interviews ◽  
Competitive Strategies ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The City

The article describes the structural characteristics of the urban communities of the city of Krasnodar and the related features that impact their participation in urban conflicts. This issue is considered in a number of scientific publications, but there is a need to expand the empirical base of such studies. On the base of expert interviews conducted with both city activists, their counterparty (representatives of the municipal government) and external observers (journalists), the parameters of urban communities functioning in the process of their interaction with other conflict actors are revealed. The communities characteristics such as the predominantly territorial principle of formation, the overlap of online and offline communications in their activities, the presence of a “core” with a relatively low number of permanent participants and others are determined. Their activities are dominated by neighborly and civilian models of participation in conflicts. The possibilities of realizing one’s own interests through political interactions (participation in elections, the activities of representative bodies of power, political parties) are not yet sufficiently understood. Urban communities, as a rule, operate within the framework of conventional forms of participation in solving urgent problems, although in some cases it is possible to use confrontational methods, in particular, protest ones. In this regard, the most often used compromise, with the desire for cooperation, a strategy of behavior in interaction with opponents. The limited activating role of conflicts in the activities of communities has been established. The weak manifestation of the civil and especially political component in their activities determines the preservation of a low level of political subjectivity. This factor restrains the growth of urban communities resources and the possibility of applying competitive strategies in interaction with city government and business.

Parliamentarism and the Legislative Branch

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Sajó ◽  
Renáta Uitz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
Effective Decision ◽  
The Law ◽  
Internal Operations ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Law Making

This chapter examines the relationship between parliamentarism and the legislative branch. It explores the evolution of the legislative branch, leading to disillusionment with the rationalized law-making factory, a venture run by political parties beyond the reach of constitutional rules. The rise of democratically bred party rule is positioned between the forces favouring free debate versus effective decision-making in the legislature. The chapter analyses the institutional make-up and internal operations of the legislature, the role of the opposition in the legislative assembly, and explores the benefits of bicameralism for boosting the powers of the legislative branch. Finally, it looks at the law-making process and its outsourcing via delegating legislative powers to the executive.

Towards the Final Legitimation of the Party

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Ignazi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
The Political ◽  
Party Formation ◽  
Post War ◽  
Dominant Influence

Chapter 3 investigates the process of party formation in France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy, and demonstrates the important role of cultural and societal premises for the development of political parties in the nineteenth century. Particular attention is paid in this context to the conditions in which the two mass parties, socialists and Christian democrats, were established. A larger set of Western European countries included in this analysis is thoroughly scrutinized. Despite discontent among traditional liberal-conservative elites, full endorsement of the political party was achieved at the beginning of the twentieth century. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of the interwar totalitarian party, especially under the guise of Italian and German fascism, when ‘the party’ attained its most dominant influence as the sole source and locus of power. The chapter concludes by suggesting hidden and unaccounted heritages of that experience in post-war politics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document