Why are well-adjusted people seen more accurately? The role of personality-behavior congruence in naturalistic social settings.

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J. Human ◽  
Marie-Catherine Mignault ◽  
Jeremy C. Biesanz ◽  
Katherine H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Settings

State policy directives and middle-tier translation in a Swedish example

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Nordholm
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Reform ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Loose Coupling ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Tier ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
System Improvement

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the Swedish National Agency for Education’s launch of the nationwide Lgr11 curriculum reform and how local education authorities (LEAs) in one municipality translated and responded to the National Agency’s directives. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents empirical data from a qualitative study of documents and interviews using the analytical perspective from Scott (2001, 2008) to explore regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive aspects of the National Agency’s communications. To analyse the local translations made by LEAs at the central municipal level, analytical categories of assimilation, loose coupling and transformation were used. Findings – The overall results show that the National Agency primarily communicated its policy instructions to LEAs using normative and cultural-cognitive arguments and directives. The lack of sharper regulative directives, such as for division of labour, decision making, mandates and developmental roles, reduced the potential for LEAs to become influential actors in organising local implementation. An analysis using the assistance of assimilation categories, loose coupling and transformation of the paper also shows that LEAs need system support to accomplish more innovative middle-tier translations through elements of loose coupling and transformation – to become catalysts for school system improvement. Research limitations/implications – The research is designed to understand actions and interpretations within specific institutional, organisational and social settings. Originality/value – This paper contributes to former findings by offering a novel perspective for understanding policy translation and the role of middle-tier intermediaries in decentralised education systems.

Art as process and product: patronage and the problem of change in Tuareg blacksmith/artisan roles

Africa ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Art Patronage ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
Aesthetic Concepts

AbstractThis article contributes to recent dialogues in anthropology and African humanities on the problematic translation and application of Western and non-Western aesthetic concepts—for example, ‘authentic’ ‘original’ and ‘touristic’—in the domain of artisan practices. It analyses, compares and contrasts art patronage among the Nigérien Tuareg in rural and urban social settings. The role of Tuareg ‘smiths’, a word variously translated in local conversation and ethnographic literature as ‘artisans’, ‘technicians’ and ‘jewellers’, suggests a need to revise cross-cultural perspectives on the ceremonial, aesthetic and commercial aspects of artisan activity. The article focuses upon changing roles, the materials craftsmen use and the beliefs surrounding blacksmiths. It argues that these complexes of action and belief have a bearing not solely upon art products but also on ritual and socio-economic processes to which producer, patron and audience contribute in different settings and contexts.

scholarly journals Endogenous testosterone correlates with parochial altruism in relation to costly punishment in different social settings

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Reimers ◽  
Eli Kappo ◽  
Lucas Stadler ◽  
Mostafa Yaqubi ◽  
Esther K. Diekhof
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Rejection Rates

Testosterone plays a key role in shaping human social behavior. Recent findings have linked testosterone to altruistic behavior in economic decision tasks depending on group membership and intergroup competition. The preferential treatment of ingroup members, while aggression and discrimination is directed towards outgroup members, has been referred to as parochial altruism. Here we investigated in two consecutive studies, whether testosterone is associated with parochial altruism depending on individual tendency for costly punishment. In the first study, 61 men performed a single-shot ultimatum game (UG) in a minimal group context, in which they interacted with members of an ingroup and outgroup. In the second study, 34 men performed a single-shot UG in a more realistic group context, in which they responded to the proposals of supporters of six political parties during the German election year 2017. Political parties varied in their social distance to the participants’ favorite party as indicated by an individual ranking. Participants of study 2 also performed a cued recall task, in which they had to decide whether they had already encountered a face during the previous UG (old-new decision). In order to make the UG data of study 2 most comparable to the data of study 1, the rejection rates of several parties were combined according to the social distance ranking they achieved. Parties ranked 1 to 3 formed the relatively close and favored ‘ingroup’ that shared similar political values with the participant (e.g., left wing parties), while the ‘outgroup’ consisted of parties ranked from 4 to 6 with more distant or even antagonistic political views (e.g., conservative to right wing parties). In both studies, results showed a parochial pattern with higher rejection rates made in response to outgroup compared to ingroup offers. Interestingly, across studies higher salivary testosterone was associated with higher rejection rates related to unfair outgroup offers in comparison to the unfair offers made by ingroup members. The present findings suggest that latent intergroup biases during decision-making may be positively related to endogenous testosterone. Similar to previous evidence that already indicated a role of testosterone in shaping male parochial altruism in male soccer fans, these data underscore the general, yet rather subtle role of male testosterone also in other social settings.

Mutuality and the study of suicide: Psychological notions on military suicides in Israeli courts

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1282-1299
Author(s):  
Nitzan Rothem ◽  
Eyal Ben-Ari
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Common ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Psychological Reasoning ◽  
The Military

This article addresses the complementary work of psychological notions and courts in handling suicides occurring in the course of military service. We suggest the category of mutuality between individuals and social settings as an analytic perspective for the study of suicide, illuminating not only how suicide is constructed, but also theorizing the effects of this construction. Our findings rest on content analysis of 34 verdicts on cases of suicide occurring within the Israeli military. In these verdicts, mostly issued to resolve disputes between bereaved parents and state authorities, Israeli courts decided on the causes of death and the responsibilities of the military and state for soldiers’ suicides. Courts base their decisions on the ambiguous psychological concept of suicidal individuals, explaining self-demise as the result of an internal malaise and avoid addressing the coercive circumstances within which Israeli soldiers operate. By conclusively linking self-demise to suicidality, courts produce an idea of death-seeking soldiers, who fail to ensure their own well-being as well as to defend the common good. Courts render the difficulties encountered during military service mental and personal, thereby contracting, standardizing, and individualizing the idea of mutuality between soldiers, families, and state. To explain these repercussions of juridification and psychologization processes, we draw attention to Durkheim’s conceptualization of contractual obligations and non-contractual sentiments. We elaborate on the Durkheimian connection between solidarity and suicide, by highlighting the outcomes of their interrelated management, especially the courts’ shaping of thin mutuality when arbitrating suicide disputes. Adopting psychological reasoning and assessing personal responsibility, courts potentially fail in their constitutive role of discussing matters of collective concerns.

scholarly journals How does self-concept clarity influence happiness in social settings? The role of strangers versus friends

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-467
Author(s):  
Ezgi Merdin-Uygur ◽  
Gulen Sarial-Abi ◽  
Zeynep Gurhan-Canli ◽  
Ozlem Hesapci
Keyword(s):  
Self Concept ◽  
Social Settings

Algorithmic Personalization and the Two-Step Flow of Communication

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Soffer
Keyword(s):  
Communication Theory ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Original Theory ◽  
Step Flow ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Communication Flow

Abstract This study examines the relevance of traditional mass communication’s two-step flow-of-communication theory in relation to algorithmic personalization. I compare the two-step flow theory’s concept of personalized content through opinion leaders with the current notion of personalized algorithms, arguing that opinion leaders and algorithms both function as gatekeeping agents. I also discuss the nature and role of peer groups in the two cases, arguing that while in the original theory, groups were seen as relatively solid (family, friends, and work colleagues), groups in the algorithmic era are much more liquid, transforming according to data inputs and users’ behavior. Finally, the article also considers differences in the source of authority of opinion leaders and algorithms in both eras, as well as the different social settings and public awareness in the second step of the communication flow.

The Role of Social Networks on Depressive Symptoms: A Comparison of Older Koreans in Three Geographic Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 009141502090555
Author(s):  
Nan Sook Park ◽  
Yuri Jang ◽  
David A. Chiriboga ◽  
Soondool Chung
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
New York Metropolitan Area

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates of depressive symptoms among older Korean adults in three geographic locations with varying densities of the Korean population: mainland Korea (mostly Koreans), New York metropolitan area (high Korean density), and west central Florida (low Korean density). The study focused on the role of family and friend networks. Data were drawn from three sources: (1) a multistage national sample of Koreans in South Korea ( n = 403); (2) a survey conducted in the western/central Florida area that used a variety of culturally sensitive sampling strategies ( n = 672); and (3) a survey in the New York metropolitan area ( n = 420) that replicated the Florida study. For those living in Korea, living alone and lower perceived financial status were independently associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. For the New York and Florida samples, fair or poor self-rating of health, lower levels of acculturation, and weaker ties with family were related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. Similar to the older Korean sample, lower perceived financial status was linked with greater depressive symptoms in the New York sample. The overall results suggest that it is important to consider the interplay of the social network, personal, and cultural resources when working with older adults in diverse contexts. Intervention efforts should address mental health issues tailored to cultural and social settings.

The Role of Sexual and Gender Identity in Long-Term Psychodynamic Therapy for Comorbid Social Anxiety and Depression in an Adolescent Female

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-327
Author(s):  
Gretchen Kurdziel ◽  
Leticia Y. Flores ◽  
Jenny Macfie
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Social Discomfort ◽  
And Gender

Adolescence is a time of significant change with social, cognitive, and emotional alternations, and growth of autonomy and identity. This is a single clinical case study that uses long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with an adolescent female diagnosed with comorbid social anxiety and persistent depression. The treatment initially focused on addressing the patient’s self-esteem, perfectionism, and self-criticism. During the treatment it was revealed that the patient’s sexual and gender identity contributed to social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and the therapy conceptualized the role of these identities as contributing to social discomfort which perpetuated her depressive symptoms. Through accepting her budding sexual and gender identity, the patient successfully became more comfortable in social settings which ultimately alleviated her depressive symptoms. This treatment highlights the unique nature of working with an adolescent apart of the sexual and gender minority, and how these identities contributed to her experience of social anxiety and depression.

scholarly journals Fodboldleg som tekst. Børns tekster i et brugsperspektiv

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (75) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Liv Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Children's Media ◽  
User Perspective ◽  
Social Settings

“Football as (Playful) Text. Children’s Texts in a User Perspective”This article presents a notion of children’s media and texts based on their everyday life practices in different social settings. Through an analysis of texts and media related to the field of ‘playing football’ and ‘being a football kid’, a broadened view on the role of literature and media products in children’s everyday life is outlined. The concept of transmedia texts is used to understand how a phenomenon like football can function as a common denominator across a range of otherwise seperate media and texts. Further, mediatized play practice is understood as the foundation of the connections and meaning making practices carried out by the children themselves. 

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