Stem completion versus cued recall: The role of response bias

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal M. Reingold ◽  
Philip M. Merikle
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Stem Completion

Perception of Danger Signals: The Role of Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Brandtstädter ◽  
Andreas Voss ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Experimental Game

Abstract. How does the perceptual system process stimuli that signal aversive outcomes or dangers? Considering the functional links between perception, attention, and action regulation, we posit that when people can avoid the aversive consequences, sensitivity of the perceptual system to danger signals should be enhanced, whereas it should be reduced when there is no such option. To test this prediction, we used a search task in which tachistoscopically presented conjunctions of features had to be detected. Parameters of sensitivity and response bias were analyzed drawing on procedures from signal detection theory. Although the experimental procedure rewarded correct responses, the predicted asymmetry emerged. For stimuli that were linked to a negative consequence (loss of points in the experimental game), perceptual sensitivity was enhanced when participants had the opportunity to neutralize the loss in a second task; an opposite pattern emerged when they had no such opportunity.

Response bias in the measurement of salesperson orientations: The role of impression management

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1014-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Johnson ◽  
Eugene Sivadas ◽  
Vishal Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Response Bias

The Influence of the Nature of Material and of Mental Operations on the Occurrence of the Bizarreness Effect

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Cornoldi ◽  
Adele Cavedon ◽  
Rossana De Beni ◽  
Alvaro Pra Baldi
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Bizarreness Effect ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Common Items ◽  
Generation Procedure

In the literature, a memory advantage for bizarre items over common ones has been found only in a few studies, especially with materials prepared ad hoc by the experimenter and with free recall rather than cued recall tests. These results contrast with the widespread conviction that bizarreness helps recall. The present paper explores the role of some variables involved in the “bizarreness” effect: (1) It examines the typical self-generation procedure in which the subject is asked to create an interaction between a pair of nouns, as well as the case in which only one noun is given. Higher freedom in generating sentences appears to correspond to higher free recall of bizarre items. (2) It is shown that bizarre items must be distinguished from “unusual” ones, which have different effects on memory. (3) By contrasting groups instructed to use either imagery or verbal elaboration, it is shown that the bizarreness effect is linked to the use of imagery. Instructions to use imagery without the possibility of creating bizarre representations do not improve the recall of common items. (4) The classification of parts of sentences generated reveals that, under common instructions, one subject's choice of verb and noun is more likely to be shared by other subjects. This fact may explain the different effects found by previous research in cued and free recall. (5) The overestimation of the recallability of bizarre items appears less evident than in previous research, probably because subjects had direct experience of the difficulties met in generating bizarre images.

Cued Recall Hypermnesia Is Not an Artifact of Response Bias

1994 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Otani ◽  
Howard L. Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Cued Recall

The Role of Individual Differences in Confidence and Response Bias

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1245-1248
Author(s):  
Do Hyung Kim ◽  
Kyung Soo Lee ◽  
Kyeong Tae Kim ◽  
Su Ran Lee ◽  
Hye Bin Rim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Bias

scholarly journals Endogenous testosterone correlates with parochial altruism in relation to costly punishment in different social settings

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Reimers ◽  
Eli Kappo ◽  
Lucas Stadler ◽  
Mostafa Yaqubi ◽  
Esther K. Diekhof
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Rejection Rates

Testosterone plays a key role in shaping human social behavior. Recent findings have linked testosterone to altruistic behavior in economic decision tasks depending on group membership and intergroup competition. The preferential treatment of ingroup members, while aggression and discrimination is directed towards outgroup members, has been referred to as parochial altruism. Here we investigated in two consecutive studies, whether testosterone is associated with parochial altruism depending on individual tendency for costly punishment. In the first study, 61 men performed a single-shot ultimatum game (UG) in a minimal group context, in which they interacted with members of an ingroup and outgroup. In the second study, 34 men performed a single-shot UG in a more realistic group context, in which they responded to the proposals of supporters of six political parties during the German election year 2017. Political parties varied in their social distance to the participants’ favorite party as indicated by an individual ranking. Participants of study 2 also performed a cued recall task, in which they had to decide whether they had already encountered a face during the previous UG (old-new decision). In order to make the UG data of study 2 most comparable to the data of study 1, the rejection rates of several parties were combined according to the social distance ranking they achieved. Parties ranked 1 to 3 formed the relatively close and favored ‘ingroup’ that shared similar political values with the participant (e.g., left wing parties), while the ‘outgroup’ consisted of parties ranked from 4 to 6 with more distant or even antagonistic political views (e.g., conservative to right wing parties). In both studies, results showed a parochial pattern with higher rejection rates made in response to outgroup compared to ingroup offers. Interestingly, across studies higher salivary testosterone was associated with higher rejection rates related to unfair outgroup offers in comparison to the unfair offers made by ingroup members. The present findings suggest that latent intergroup biases during decision-making may be positively related to endogenous testosterone. Similar to previous evidence that already indicated a role of testosterone in shaping male parochial altruism in male soccer fans, these data underscore the general, yet rather subtle role of male testosterone also in other social settings.

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