scholarly journals Genetic analysis of water loss of excised leaves associated with drought tolerance in wheat

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Mieczysława Czyczyło-Mysza ◽  
Izabela Marcińska ◽  
Edyta Skrzypek ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Kinga Dziurka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Leaf Water Loss

Background Wheat is widely affected by drought. Low excised-leaf water loss (ELWL) has frequently been associated with improved grain yield under drought. This study dissected the genetic control of ELWL in wheat, associated physiological, morphological and anatomical leaf traits, and compared these with yield QTLs. Methods Ninety-four hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) doubled haploids, mapped with over 700 markers, were tested for three years for ELWL from detached leaf 4 of glasshouse-grown plants. In one experiment, stomata per unit area and leaf thickness parameters from leaf cross-sections were measured. QTLs were identified using QTLCartographer. Results ELWL was significantly negatively correlated with leaf length, width, area and thickness. Major QTLs for ELWL during 0–3 h and 3–6 h were coincident across trials on 3A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 5D, 6B, 7A, 7B, 7D and frequently coincident (inversely) with leaf size QTLs. Yield in other trials was sometimes associated with ELWL and leaf size phenotypically and genotypically, but more frequently under non-droughted than droughted conditions. QTL coincidence showed only ELWL to be associated with drought/control yield ratio. Discussion Our results demonstrated that measures of ELWL and leaf size were equally effective predictors of yield, and both were more useful for selecting under favourable than stressed conditions.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN SWEETPOTATOES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 497c-497
Author(s):  
Lavetta L. Newell ◽  
James O. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Leaf Water Loss ◽  
Loss Method

In two experiments, 16 sweetpotato genotypes (Ipomoea batatas L.) were evaluated for drought tolerance using the detached-leaf water loss method. Dry weight loss was also determined. Difference in the rate of leaf water loss over a 48 hour period were found. `Vardaman' had the greatest amount of dry weight loss and the least amount of water loss. No relationship between dry weight loss and water loss was found. When measuring chlorophyll fluorescence using two sweetpotato genotypes, `Vardaman' had a higher rate of photosynthetic transport activity.

scholarly journals Genetic mapping of leaf-related traits in autotetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei He ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Ruicai Long ◽  
Long-Xi Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Paternal Parent ◽  
Variation Explained

Abstract Understanding the genetic architecture of leaf-related traits is important for improving alfalfa yield. Leaf size has a great influence on the protein content and yield for alfalfa. In this study, a low-yielding precocious alfalfa individual (paternal parent) and a high-yielding late-maturing alfalfa individual (maternal parent) were used to build a hybrid F1 population of 149 individuals. The linkage map was constructed using simple sequence repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism markers, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area were mapped using 3 years phenotypic data. We identified a total of 60 QTLs associated with leaf size. These QTLs were located on chromosomes 1 to 8, and the percent of phenotypic variation explained by QTL ranged from 2.97% to 18.78%. There were 13 QTLs explain more than 10% of phenotypic variation, most of which represent novel loci controlling leaf traits that have not been found in previous studies. The nearest markers of QTL may be used in marker-assisted selection and breeding alfalfa new varieties with high yield.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cultivar-Specific Variability in Size-Related Leaf Traits and Modeling of Single Leaf Area in Three Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Ocimum basilicum L., Mentha Spp., and Salvia Spp.

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Maurizio Teobaldelli ◽  
Boris Basile ◽  
Francesco Giuffrida ◽  
Daniela Romano ◽  
Stefania Toscano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Best Fitting

In this study, five allometric models were used to estimate the single leaf area of three well-known medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) species, namely basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), mint (Mentha spp.), and sage (Salvia spp.). MAPs world production is expected to rise up to 5 trillion US$ by 2050 and, therefore, there is a high interest in developing research related to this horticultural sector. Calibration of the models was obtained separately for three selected species by analyzing (a) the cultivar variability—i.e., 5 cultivars of basil (1094 leaves), 4 of mint (901 leaves), and 5 of sage (1103 leaves)—in the main two traits related to leaf size (leaf length, L, and leaf width, W) and (b) the relationship between these traits and single leaf area (LA). Validation of the chosen models was obtained for each species using an independent dataset, i.e., 487, 441, and 418 leaves, respectively, for basil (cv. ‘Lettuce Leaf’), mint (cv. ‘Comune’), and sage (cv. ‘Comune’). Model calibration based on fast-track methodologies, such as those using one measured parameter (one-regressor models: L, W, L2, and W2) or on more accurate two-regressors models (L × W), allowed to achieve different levels of accuracy. This approach highlighted the importance of considering intra-specific variability before applying any models to a certain cultivar to predict single LA. Eventually, during the validation phase, although modeling of single LA based on W2 showed a good fitting (R2basil = 0.948; R2mint = 0.963; R2sage = 0.925), the distribution of the residuals was always unsatisfactory. On the other hand, two-regressor models (based on the product L × W) provided the best fitting and accuracy for basil (R2 = 0.992; RMSE = 0.327 cm2), mint (R2 = 0.998; RMSE = 0.222 cm2), and sage (R2 = 0.998; RMSE = 0.426 cm2).

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal variation in leaf size and shape in response to climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoqi Li ◽  
Dongting Zou ◽  
Nawal Shrestha ◽  
Xiaoting Xu ◽  
Qinggang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Aims Morphological variation of leaves is a key indicator of plant response to climatic change. Leaf size and shape are associated with carbon, water and energy exchange of plants with their environment. However, whether and how leaf size and shape responded to climate change over the past decades remains poorly studied. Moreover, many studies have only explored inter- but not intraspecific variation in leaf size and shape across space and time. Methods We collected >6000 herbarium specimens spanning 98 years (1910–2008) in China for seven representative dicot species and measured their leaf length and width. We explored geographical patterns and temporal trends in leaf size (i.e. leaf length, leaf width and length × width product) and shape (i.e. length/width ratio), and investigated the effects of changes in precipitation and temperature over time and space on the variation in leaf size and shape. Important Findings After accounting for the effects of sampling time, leaf size decreased with latitude for all species combined, but the relationship varied among species. Leaf size and shape were positively correlated with temperature and precipitation across space. After accounting for the effects of sampling locations, leaf size of all species combined increased with time. Leaf size changes over time were mostly positively correlated with precipitation, whereas leaf shape changes were mostly correlated with temperature. Overall, our results indicate significant spatial and temporal intraspecific variation in leaf size and shape in response to climate. Our study also demonstrates that herbarium specimens collected over a considerable period of time provide a good resource to study the impacts of climate change on plant morphological traits.

scholarly journals Linkage Map Development by EST-SSR Markers and QTL Analysis for Inflorescence and Leaf Traits in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1342
Author(s):  
Min Fan ◽  
Yike Gao ◽  
Zhiping Wu ◽  
Qixiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Map ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Integrated Map ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) are famous ornamental crops with high medicinal and industrial values. The inflorescence and leaf traits are key factors that affect the yield and quality of chrysanthemum. However, the genetic improvement of those traits is slow within chrysanthemum because of its hexaploidy, high heterozygosity and enormous genome. To study the genetic control of the important traits and facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS) in chrysanthemum, it is desirable to populate the genetic maps with an abundance of transferrable markers such as microsatellites (SSRs). A genetic map was constructed with expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers in an F1 progeny of 192 offspring. A total of 1000 alleles were generated from 223 EST-SSR primer pairs. The preliminary maternal and paternal maps consisted of 265 marker alleles arranged into 49 and 53 linkage groups (LGs), respectively. The recombined parental maps covered 906.3 and 970.1 cM of the genome, respectively. Finally, 264 polymorphic loci were allocated to nine LGs. The integrated map spanned 954.5 cM in length with an average genetic distance of 3.6 cM between two neighbouring loci. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis was performed using the integrated map for inflorescence diameter (ID), central disc flower diameter (CDFD), number of whorls of ray florets (NWRF), number of ray florets (NRF), number of disc florets (NDF), number of florets (NF), ray floret length (RFL), ray floret width (RFW), ray floret length/width (RFL/W), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW) and leaf length/width (LL/W). Overall, 36 (21 major) QTLs were identified. The successful mapping of inflorescence and leaf traits QTL demonstrated the utility of the new integrated linkage map. This study is the first report of a genetic map based on EST-SSR markers in chrysanthemum. The EST-SSR markers, genetic map and QTLs reported here could be valuable resources in implementing MAS for chrysanthemums in breeding programs.

Possible early selection of short juvenile period olive plants based on seedling traits

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Rallo ◽  
Rocío Jiménez ◽  
José Ordovás ◽  
M Paz Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
One Year

The relationship between the length of the juvenile period and nine olive seedling parameters (plant height, diameter, number of nodes, lateral shoots, internode length, leaf length, width, area, and shape index) was explored in 287 plants belonging to four different progeny. The traits were measured at two timepoints: after the plants had completed a forced growth cycle in the greenhouse/shadehouse (15 months after sowing) and after one growing season in the field (27 months after sowing). Strong linear tendencies of most vigour traits (mainly plant height and diameter) with the time of first flowering were observed. Leaf traits measured after one year in the field were also related to the length of the juvenile period, but not the same traits that were measured the previous year. Strong positive correlations were observed between the parameters studied. All results are discussed in terms of selecting the best seedling traits to be used as pre-selection criteria for short juvenile period during early stages.

Gender determination of caucasoid hair using image analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
T.B. Ball ◽  
W.M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Scalp Hair ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Morphological Differences

It has been demonstrated that cross sections of bundles of hair can be effectively studied using image analysis. These studies can help to elucidate morphological differences of hair from one region of the body to another. The purpose of the present investigation was to use image analysis to determine whether morphological differences could be demonstrated between male and female human Caucasian terminal scalp hair.Hair samples were taken from the back of the head from 18 caucasoid males and 13 caucasoid females (Figs. 1-2). Bundles of 50 hairs were processed for cross-sectional examination and then analyzed using Prism Image Analysis software on a Macintosh llci computer. Twenty morphological parameters of size and shape were evaluated for each hair cross-section. The size parameters evaluated were area, convex area, perimeter, convex perimeter, length, breadth, fiber length, width, equivalent diameter, and inscribed radius. The shape parameters considered were formfactor, roundness, convexity, solidity, compactness, aspect ratio, elongation, curl, and fractal dimension.

scholarly journals Do we have infraspecific taxa of Salvia multicaulis Vahl. (Lamiaceae) in Iran?

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdi Talebi ◽  
Reza Rezakhanlou ◽  
A V. Matsyura
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Basal Leaf ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Length Width

<p><em>Salvia multicaulis</em> is a widespread species of Lamiaceae family in Iran. There are many discussions about its infraspecific variations. Although some varieties were definite for this species in various parts of the world, no infraspecific taxon was reported in Iran and all samples of this species were named as S. multicaulis. In this study, morphological characteristics of S. multicaulis populations, naturally growing in Iran, was examined. Twenty-two traits were examined in 94 individuals of this species to<br />identify their phenotypic difference. Most of the investigated features were showing a high degree of variability, but it was highly pronounced for some characteristics such as basal leaf shape, basal leaf width, basal leaf length/ width ratio and basal petiole length. Significant positive/negative correlations were observed between some morphological variables. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were found between the eastern distribution of populations with basal leaf petiole length and basal leaf length/ width ratio. Based on the UPGMA cluster analysis, populations were divided into two main branches. The first branch contained four populations, while the second branch was bigger and clustered in two sub-branches. In one of them,<br />three populations and in another one the rest populations arranged in two groups. CA joined plot confirmed that each of studied populations or group of populations had distinct morphological trait(s), which were useful in identification of them. Our findings supported population no. 13 had unique morphological traits such as the largest bracts and basal leaf petiole, highest flower number of each inflorescence cycle, widest and largest calyx. The conservation of the highly diverse populations of<br />Iranian S. multicaulis is recommended.</p>

scholarly journals Pewarisan Sifat Densitas Stomata dan Laju Kehilangan Air Daun (rate leaf water loss RWL) pada Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Adisyahputra Adisyahputra ◽  
Sudarsono Sudarsono ◽  
Kukuh Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Quantitative Character ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Leaf Water Loss ◽  
High Level

The aim of this research is to analyze and examine the inheritance of stomatal density trait and RWL as a variable in drought tolerance ofpeanut. The experiment was conducted by using cv. Kelinci that is sensitive genotype as female parent and US 605 which is tolerantgenotype as male parent, including population off spring from hybrid cv. Kelinci (P1) with US 605 (P2). Stomatal density was determinedby making leaf imprint and by observing leaf imprint under microscope. Relative water loss was determined by dipping peanut leaf in PEG40% for 48 hours. Result of the analysis showed that stomatal density and RWL were not only controlled by qualitative characters of majorgene, but also controlled by quantitative character of minor gene by polygenic with the complex gene action. Both characters seem toinfluence more as genetic factor and have high level fixation additive varians which can give the opportunity to obtain the tolerant offspring.

scholarly journals Morphological Variations of Robusta Coffee As a Response to Different Altitude in Lampung

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Erwin Prastowo ◽  
Rina Arimarsetiowati
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Qualitative Variable ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Key Issues

The coffee growth is considered to depend, partly, on the environmental condition at which they develop to accomplish both vegetative and generative stages. An exploratory survey in Lampung aimed at investigating the morphological characteristics of 13 Robusta coffee accessions growing on different altitudes.Local superior coffee clones were selected from eight farms, and subjected to identifications. Three key issues were concerned for both quantitatively, i.e. plant components of leaves, branches, and fruits, and qualitatively such as leaves and fruit characteristics, i.e. colour and shape. The analysis shows a similarity of about 60% of total qualitative variable identified among different accessions. The remaining characters are suggested to be more varying such as flush colour, leaf surface, ripe fruit colour, and stipule shape. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis showed a higher level of similarity for fruit characters, i.e. fruit length, -width, and -thickness, and to a slightly lower level for leaf characteristics, i.e. leaf length and -width, and number of productive branches. It was revealed that some variables, i.e. fruit weight; leaf and seed; and canopy characteristics, explaining the morphological variation of coffee throughout the accessions. Furthermore, cluster analysis may indicated a possible similarity of coffee morphologies either from area with different or the same environmental conditions. A high heterogeneity related to environmental conditions, genotypic variations, plant nutritional status, and agronomic practices, which unable to confirm in the present study, may limit the specific conclusions.

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