scholarly journals On Double Clitics in Interrogatives in a Northern Italian Dialect

Nordlyd ◽  
10.7557/12.95 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Penello

Following recent studies (see for instance Poletto 2000) on the higher functional field, in this paper I aim to give a contribution to the cartography of the CP projection, by examining the behaviour of subject and object clitics in the Northern Italian dialect of Carmignano di Brenta, in comparison with the nearby dialect spoken in Padua. I will examine the characteristics and restrictions of two particular patterns found in main interrogatives in Carmignano, more specifically the co-occurrence of proclitic and enclitic subject and object clitics in yes-no and wh-interrogatives: I will label these structures “Two-Subject-Clitics” (= 2-Scl) and “Two-Object-Clitics” (= 2-Ocl), respectively. I will also support a structural analysis of 2-Scl and 2-Ocl. The analysis of microvariation and the comparison with Paduan will permit us to refine the generalisations formulated on the observations of the data of Carmignano and to establish implicational scales. Moreover, once we deal with very subtle variation which brings forth new data and phenomena, we can further enrich theoretical proposals that are already very accurate.

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATRIN SCHMITZ ◽  
NATASCHA MÜLLER

The present article investigates the acquisition of the pronominal systems by French and Italian monolingual children and by bilingual German–French and German–Italian children, demonstrating a stable asymmetry: object and reflexive clitics are acquired later than nominative clitics and strong subject and object pronouns. We will widen the scope of former investigations to include the acquisition of strong pronouns and argue that the observed asymmetry can be accounted for if we combine the external (categorial status) and internal syntax of pronouns (internal structure). In particular, we argue for the relevance of the absence/presence of a nominal layer (N-layer) in the internal structure of a pronoun. This approach can account for the observation that pronouns containing an N-layer, i.e., strong subject pronouns, subject clitics and strong object pronouns, are acquired simultaneously and earlier than pronouns which lack the N-layer, i.e., object clitics and reflexive clitics.


Probus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Calabrese ◽  
Diego Pescarini

Abstract In this article we entertain the hypothesis that cliticization involves a rule of m-merge, which brackets a functional head with another constituent under linear adjacency to build a structure legible at the PF interface. We therefore argue for a division of labour between syntax and morphology in the spirit of Halle and Marantz (1993), although we depart from their model in rejecting a single post-syntactic Morphological Component, and instead assume that syntactic derivation and morphological operations such as m-merge are cyclically interleaved. In the first part of the article, we focus on the behaviour of clitics in contexts of V-to-C movement. As object clitics and negation are pied-piped by the verb to C, crossing the position of subject clitics, we argue that subject clitics are m-merged after V-to-C movement. The second part of the article deals with some puzzling permutations affecting the order of clitic elements. In particular, we focus on the Friulian dialect of Forni di Sotto (Manzini & Savoia 2005, 2009) to show that such permutations are due to morphological rules of fission and metathesis operating after m-merge. We therefore claim that the Forni pattern provides further evidence for syntactically void operations taking place at the Syntax/PF interface.


Author(s):  
Liliane Haegeman

AbstractThis article concerns the distribution of clitics in the child root infinitives in French and in Dutch. In the material studied, subject clitics are absent both from French and Dutch root infinitives; object clitics are present in French root infinitives while remaining absent from Dutch root infinitives. It is proposed that this cross-linguistic difference is related to the difference in the licensing site of the object clitics, which is taken to be AgrO in French and AgrS in Dutch. The hypothesis thus casts doubt on proposals according to which clitics are universally base-generated in specialised functional positions in the structure (Sportiche 1996; Schaeffer 1997).


Diachronica ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Tosco

Summary The paper deals with a few aspects of the morphosyntax of clitics in Piedmontese (Western Romance) and their historical development. In Piedmontese an element =l= (orthographically l’) is obligatorily inserted between the Subject Clitics and all and only the inflected forms of “to have”; in several varieties of Piedmontese this element has a double interpretation synchronically, either as a semantically null element or as an Object Clitic of 3rd singular. Although the presence of such an element is not rare among neighboring Romance varieties, where it generally acts as a 3rd singular subject clitic, it is argued that in Piedmontese its peculiar distribution is intimately tied to other unusual morphosyntactic features, all of them having developed within the last two-to-three centuries. In particular, historical reanalysis of l’ was crucial in the positioning of the object clitics after the participle in compound verbal forms (a rare pattern among Romance languages). Partially correcting traditional analyses (such as Meyer-Lübke 1900), it is argued that the necessity to avoid ambiguity and clearly identify a pronominal object was at best a contributing factor in triggering morphological change. The postpositioning of the object clitics was rather mainly the result of the extension in use of the subject clitics, and of the ensuing reanalysis of the element l’. This was made possible by two conditions: a restricted set of occurrences in which l’ was found, and a ready-made alternative interpretation. Comparison with neighboring varieties shows that such a development was not possible in those Romance languages which did not have an element similar to l’ in the restricted range of uses of premodern Piedmontese. Résumé Cet article traite de quelques aspects de la morphologie des clitiques en piémontais (une langue romane occidentale) et de leur développement historique. On trouve en piémontais un élément =l= (l’ dans l’orthographe) obligatoirement inséré entre les clitiques du sujet et les formes fléchies du verb ‘avoir’. Dans plusieurs variétés du piémontais cet élément peut être interprété soit comme un élément sémantiquement vide, soit comme le clitique objet de la troisième personne singulier. Bien que la présence d’un élément similaire au l’ piémontais n’est pas rare parmi les variétés voisines (où il joue généralement le rôle de clitique sujet de la troisième personne singulière), l’article démontre que la distribution inhabituelle de cet élément en piémontais est étroitement liée à un certain nombre d’autres particularités morphosyntactiques qui se sont toutes développés durant les deux ou trois derniers siècles. En particulier, la réanalyse historique de l’élément l’ a été décisive pour le positionnement des clitiques objet après le participe dans les temps composés — une solution fort rare parmi les langues romanes. Avec une révision partielle des analyses traditionelles (par ex. Meyer-Lübke 1900), on démontre que la nécessité d’éviter toute ambiguïté et de distinguer clairement un objet pronominal a joué tout au plus un rôle complémentaire dans le changement morphologique. Le positionnement des clitiques object après le participe a été plutôt le résultat d’une extension de l’usage des clitiques sujet, ce qui a amené à une réanalyse de l’élément l’. Cette réanalyse a été permise par deux conditions: une distribution fort limitée de l’ et la possibilité de l’amener à une analyse alternative. La comparaison avec les variétés voisines démontre que le même développement qu’on trouve en piémontais ne s’est pas produit dans ces langues romanes qui étaient dépourvues d’un élément comparable à l’ dans les domaines d’usage bien limités qu’on trouvait en piémontais pré-moderne. Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel befaßt sich mit einigen Aspekten der Morphosyntax von Klitika im Piedmontesischen (Westromanisch) und mit ihrer historischen Entwicklung. Im Piedmontesichen ist es obligatorisch, ein Element =l= (ortographisch l’) zwischen Subjektsklitika und allen flektierten Formen (und nur diesen) des Verbs ‘haben’ einzufügen. In manchen Mundarten des Piedmontesischen ist dieses Element in zweifacherweise interpretierbar, und zwar entweder als semantisch leeres Element oder als Objektklitikum der 3. Person Singular. Obgleich das Element selbst in benachbarten romanischen Varietäten nicht selten vorkommt und dort im allgemeinen als Klitikum der 3. Person Singular fungiert, wird hier argumentiert, daß seine eigenartige Distribution im Piedmontesischen in engem Zusammenhang mit anderen ungewöhnlichen morphosyntaktischen Phänomenen steht, die sich allesamt innerhalb der letzten zwei bis drei Jahrhunderte entwickelt haben. Insbesondere war eine historische Reanalyse des Elements l’ entscheidend für die Position von Objektsklitika nach dem Partizip in zusammengesetzten Verbformen, was in romanischen Sprachen selten vorkommt. Dieser Artikel berichtigt teilweise traditionelle Analysen (z. B. Meyer — Lübke 1900) und argumentiert, daß die Notwendigkeit, Mehrdeutigkeit zu vermeiden und ein Objektpronomen eindeutig zu identifizieren höchstens sekundär zu morphologischen Veränderungen beigetragen hat. Vielmehr war die Entwicklung nachgestellter Objektsklitika hauptsächlich das Ergebnis einer Ausweitung des Gebrauchs von Subjektsklitika und einer darauffolgenden Reanalyse des Elements l’. Dies wurde durch zwei Faktoren ermöglicht: eine begrenzte Anzahl möglicher Kontexte für l’ und eine bereits vorhandene alternative Interpretationsmöglichkeit. Der Vergleich mit benachbarten Varietäten zeigt, daß eine solche Entwicklung in denjenigen romanischen Sprachen nicht möglich war, die kein dem l’ ähnliches Element in begrenzt möglichen Kontexten nach Art des Früh-Piedmontesischen aufwiesen.


2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Moh. Wakhid Hidayat

17 Ramadan is a historical islamic novel by Jurji Zaidan. This is the fourth of his twenty-three historical novel. 17 Ramadan is originally published by al-Hilal newspaper. This novel tells about the events before and after the murder of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib on 17 Ramadan. This article presents the narrative  structure  of  the  novel  with a structural analysis of Greimas’ narrative theory. This research aims to identify the structural action with binary opposition; the sender-recipient, subject and object, and the adjuvant-obstacle. The result finds that there are four main actantial structures. These structures construct five macrostructures, those are the linear structure of revenge-action-judgement, the structure of the characters’ vindication, the linear structure of insult-thesanity-and-holy-place-chastisement, the structure with isotope of place clarification, and the structure of heroine.


2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Hans Henrich Hock

Abstract Santali presents structures with subject clitics in “P minus 2” (P-2) position, before the final verb and enclitic on the preverbal element, a position called “Backernagel” by Kidwai (2005). P-2 is commonly considered to lack clear cross-linguistic support; moreover, while generative accounts can accommodate utterance-second position (P2) as adjunction to a left-peripheral projection, they have no ready way of accommodating P -2. The history and synchrony of Munda “P-2” have elicited several accounts. Anderson (2007) considers three possibilities: Reanalysis of Proto-Munda subject proclitics as enclitic; extension of postverbal object clitics to preverbal subject function; attachment of original resumptive pronouns to the preverbal element. I present evidence for a different hypothesis: The Santali Backernagel clitics originate as P 2 or classical Wackernagel elements. A more fine-grained definition of Wackernagel in terms of different prosodic domains (such as utterance/theme vs. rheme) permits the hypothesis that the apparent P -2 is still a W ackernagel position, but within the rheme rather than the entire utterance, and that within the rheme, the prosodically strongest, preverbal-focus element is the most attractive clitic host. I support my account with evidence from Santali and other Kherwarian languages (which offer traces of an original P 2 position) and parallel developments in Iranian (where the different stages in the development can be traced in greater detail). Backernagel, thus, is a subtype of Wackernagel, and there is no need to assume a typologically problematic P -2 position for Munda (or for various Iranian varieties).


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