The Problem of the External World in René Descartes, Edmund Husserl, Immanuel Kant and the Evil Genius

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Robert Elliott Allinson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
External World ◽  
George Berkeley ◽  
René Descartes

The need to prove the existence of the external world has been a subject that has concerned the rationalist philosophers, particularly Descartes and the empiricist philosophers such as John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume. Taking the epoché as the key mark of the phenomenologist—the suspension of the question of the existence of the external world—the issue of the external world should not come under the domain of the phenomenologist. Ironically, however, I would like to suggest that it could be argued that the founder of the phenomenological school of thought, Edmund Husserl, also did not avoid the question of the existence of the external world. What I would like to suggest further is that Immanuel Kant grants himself illicit access to the external world and thus illustrates that the question of the external world is vital to the argument structure of the first Critique.

scholarly journals DIALEKTIKA TOKOH-TOKOH FALSAFAH BARAT ZAMAN REVOLUSI SAINS MENGENAI SAINS DAN NILAI

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Syahmir Alias
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
David Hume ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Science And Values ◽  
René Descartes

AbstractScientific Revolution which happened in Europe beginning from 17th to 18th century show the philosophers of science such as Francis Bacon and Immanuel Kant appeared with their ideas to strengthen the scientific methodology. Among the issues being debated is relevance of values towards science. However, different perspectives from these philosophers lead to the dialectic between science and values. This raises a question mark about their arguments and conclusions regarding the issue between science and values. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the outstanding philosophers of science whose involved in such debate from 17th to 18th century AD with their arguments. Next, the paper aims to analyze the relationship among these philosophers and their conception of science and values. Based on the content analysis method used, there are three important findings. First, Francis Bacon, the founder of Western scientific methods reject the practice of confounding superstitions and human biasness in scientific research. Second, there is a clear continuity between the thought of René Descartes, David Hume and Immanuel Kant’s dualism of science, but with different perspectives, i.e. mind-body dualism, fact-value dualism, phenomena-noumena dualism respectively. Third, the arguments of these philosophers of science, especially Kant implied in the concept of value-free scientific research for the following centuries. AbstrakRevolusi Sains yang berlaku di Eropah pada abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18 Masihi menyaksikan tokoh-tokoh falsafah sains seperti Francis Bacon dan Immanuel Kant tampil bersama idea-idea mereka untuk memantapkan metodologi saintifik. Antara perkara yang dibahaskan ialah perkaitan sains dengan nilai. Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan pandangan tokoh-tokoh ini membawa kepada dialektika tentang sains dan nilai. Hal ini menimbulkan tanda tanya mengenai hujah-hujah mereka dan kesimpulan yang dibuat berkenaan sains dengan nilai. Justeru, makalah ini ditulis dengan dua tujuan utama. Pertama, mengenal pasti konteks perbahasan sains dan nilai oleh tokoh-tokoh falsafah sains abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18 yang terlibat. Kedua, menganalisis perkaitan antara pemikiran tokoh-tokoh tersebut berkenaan konsepsi mereka tentang hubungan sains dan nilai. Berdasarkan kaedah analisis kandungan yang digunakan, makalah ini mendapati tiga dapatan penting. Pertama, Francis Bacon selaku pengasas kaedah saintifik Barat menolak amalan campur aduk perkara khurafat dan berat sebelah dalam penyelidikan sains. Kedua, terdapat kesinambungan yang jelas di antara pemikiran René Descartes, David Hume dan Immanuel Kant mengenai dualisme ilmu, namun dari perspektif yang berbeza. Ketiga, hujah-hujah kesemua tokoh falsafah sains tersebut, khususnya Kant memberi implikasi kepada konsep bebas nilai dalam penyelidikan saintifik bagi abad-abad berikutnya.

scholarly journals Four different views of scientific knowledge and the birth of modern relativism: The very important challenge facing reformed churches in a Western world

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolaas J. Gronum
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Western World ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Reformed Churches ◽  
Aristotle's Metaphysics

Theologians are used to pointing the finger at European continental postmodernism when dealing with modern relativism. This article addresses a problem that is seldom highlighted within theology: modern relativism is the result of a series of epistemological discussions that took place during the early Enlightenment between scholars such as Rene Descartes, John Locke and Immanuel Kant. They were reacting, in part, to Aristotle’s metaphysics and logic. When the whole picture unravels, one immediately sees that modern relativism is deeply ingrained in Western thought. In other words, modern relativism will not gather dust after the demise of postmodernism. To the contrary, this article would argue that modern relativism will continue to pose serious challenges to reformed churches in future. Pastors who want to engage with Western audiences will benefit from being made aware of this. Hopefully this will encourage theologians to re-evaluate the relevancy of reformed theological constructs in societies that are deeply steeped in relativist thought.

scholarly journals La agenda naturalista de las pasiones en la filosofía de la modernidad temprana

Asclepio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonel Toledo Marín ◽  
Samuel Herrera-Balboa ◽  
Carmen Silva
Keyword(s):  
David Hume ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Pierre Gassendi

En este artículo trataremos de caracterizar las principales razones teóricas del cambio de perspectiva del escolasticismo a la filosofía de la modernidad temprana en lo concerniente al estudio de las facultades cognitivas y emotivas. Para lograr nuestro objetivo, sintetizaremos el contexto intelectual del estudio de las pasiones; después, distinguiremos dos grandes corrientes del pensamiento naturalista: en primer lugar, la tesis reduccionista que fue adoptada, entre otros, por Thomas Hobbes, Pierre Gassendi y René Descartes; en segundo lugar, el proyecto de establecer y describir la “dinámica de la vida mental” que fue desarrollado por Thomas Hobbes, John Locke y David Hume. Al dar cuenta de esto, esperamos también obtener una comprensión más clara sobre los cambios de perspectiva que fueron propuestos por algunos filósofos de la modernidad temprana, cuyas ideas avanzaron hacia la naturalización de la antropología filosófica.

The Pursuit of Philosophy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Stroud
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Graduate Student ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
The One

This chapter reflects on a long philosophical career. According to the author, what attracted him to philosophy was in part precisely the idea that it wasn’t like getting a job or following a professional career. He thought of philosophy as something you studied just for its own sake. The author also shares his life as a graduate student at Harvard University, where he was influenced by the likes of Burton Dreben and Rogers Albritton. He went to Berkeley in 1961, and cites his erstwhile colleague Thompson Clarke as the one philosopher to whom he owes the most. The author concludes by asserting that what he and his fellow philosophers have been doing is similar to the kind of investigation undertaken by greats such as Plato, Aristotle, René Descartes, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant.

scholarly journals John Locke and a Rene Descartes Epitaph

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-263
Author(s):  
F. Waldmann
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
René Descartes

scholarly journals O sujeito do autor: o que aparece quando eu escrevo e desapareço?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Mauricio Winck Esteves ◽  
Luis Artur Costa
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Friedrich Nietzsche ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
René Descartes

O artigo parte da problematização da noção de sujeito no exercício da escrita para fazer uma crítica ao sujeito da modernidade. Reflete sobre a emergência desse sujeito moderno nas filosofias de René Descartes, Immanuel Kant e na psicanálise de Sigmund Freud, em suas articulações com os mecanismos disciplinares e biopolíticos, demonstrando a emergência de um triplo enlace entre autoria, culpa e propriedade. Ressalta a articulação na modernidade de duas tecnologias de produção do sujeito: a culpa e o alterocídio, duas faces do ressentimento as quais são apresentadas por Friedrich Nietzsche e Achille Mbembe. Por fim, desde a perspectiva dos modos de subjetivação, busca-se traçar algumas linhas de uma autoria no avesso do ressentimento moderno-colonial: uma autoinvenção coletiva.

scholarly journals Danilo Cruz Vélez y la superación de la metafísica de la subjetividad

Análisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Manuel Leonardo Rodríguez Prada Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
La Selva ◽  
René Descartes

<p>Danilo Cruz Vélez valora el intento de Edmund Husserl de liberar a la filosofía <br />de todos los supuestos, específicamente de la creencia cotidiana en la existencia del mundo, también conocida como tesis general de la actitud natural. Para Edmund Husserl, el punto de partida de la filosofía es la negación de dicha tesis, la epojé, que posibilita la vuelta del yo a sí mismo, erigiéndolo, tal como lo hizo la duda metódica de René Descartes siglos atrás, como lo único verdadero en lo cual se puede fundamentar todo lo que hay. Es esto último lo que, precisamente, más critica Danilo Cruz Vélez, que el padre de la fenomenología no se dio cuenta del supuesto principal en el cual estaba todavía inmerso: la metafísica de la subjetividad. De ahí que el filósofo caldense exponga el pensamiento de su maestro, Martin Heidegger, el cual no despreció la actitud natural, sino que la valoró como punto de partida del filosofar. Desde esa diferencia, según Danilo Cruz Vélez, el filósofo de la Selva Negra logró superar la metafísica de la subjetividad, al no usar el concepto de representación, tan ligado a la vista, sino al proponer el concepto de utilización de, valga la redundancia, útiles, más ligado a la mano. La cuestión es: ¿logró salir Martin Heidegger, realmente, de la metafísica de la subjetividad?</p>

Henry James and the Art of Impressions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Scholar
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Henry James ◽  
David Hume ◽  
John Locke ◽  
William James ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
History Of

Henry James and the Art of Impressions examines the concept of the ‘impression’ in the essays and late novels of Henry James. Although Henry James criticized the impressionism which was revolutionizing French painting and French fiction, and satirized the British aesthetic movement which championed impressionist criticism, he placed the impression at the heart of his own aesthetic project, as well as his narrative representation of consciousness. This book tries to understand the anomaly that James represents in the wider history of the impression. To do this it charts an intellectual and cultural history of the ‘impression’ from the seventeenth century to the twentieth, drawing in painting, philosophy (John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, J.L Austin), psychology (James Mill, J.S. Mill, William James, Ernst Mach, Franz Brentano), literature (William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde), and modern critical theory (Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, Judith Butler, J. Hillis Miller). It then offers close readings of James’s non-fictional and fictional treatments of the impression in his early criticism and travel writing (1872–88), his prefaces to the New York Edition (1907–9), and the three novels of his major phase, The Ambassadors (1903), The Wings of the Dove (1902), and The Golden Bowl (1904). It concludes that the term ‘impression’ crystallizes James’s main theme of the struggle between life and art. Coherent philosophical meanings of the Jamesian impression emerge when it is comprehended as a family of related ideas about perception, imagination, and aesthetics—bound together by James’s attempt to reconcile the novel’s value as a mimetic form and its value as a transformative creative activity.

scholarly journals Tradução: Dissertação sobre a liberdade (Étienne Bonnot de Condillac)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Augusto Guedes ◽  
Nelson Carvalho Neto
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Etienne Bonnot De Condillac

É célebre o raciocínio “Penso, logo existo”, enunciado pelo filósofo francês René Descartes (1596-1650) na quarta parte de seu Discurso do Método, como sendo o primeiro princípio de sua Filosofia. Além de não podermos duvidar que o sujeito que pensa existe, para Descartes a mente humana é dotada de certas ideias, impressas por Deus, que lhes são inatas. Um dos primeiros a criticar a teoria do conhecimento e o inatismo cartesiano foi o filósofo inglês John Locke (1632-1704), porém, foi seu discípulo francês Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1714-1780) quem esboçou as críticas mais radicais contra o sistema filosófico de Descartes.

Freiheit zur Wahrheit

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Rometsch
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
René Descartes

How do our perceptions come about? If our ways of forming them is deterministically given, skeptical objections can no longer be warded off. We might as well be calibrated for errors. If, instead, our cognition works unbounded and free, there is no compulsion to fall prey to error. It is therefore advisable to understand cognitive formation as a plurimodal interaction of activities of perception, imagination and verbalization, the course of which is never determined by the conditions under which it currently stands. Further, we should not describe ourselves as mere "res cogitans," no matter what the philosophical intentions: there is no sense in assuming that we are determined to perform activities of cognition only. In dealing with two major historical examples, these assumptions are developed and tested. It is shown why René Descartes unexpectedly champions them, and which consequences ensue from John Locke´s disregarding them.

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