scholarly journals Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Potential Reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Mortaz ◽  
Neda K. Dezfuli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Review Current

Context: The immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 is not well described yet, especially regarding dysregulation of the immune system. In this mini-review, current knowledge about the SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 disease is described. We also discuss possible induced reactions against SARS-COV-2. Evidence Acquisition: Based on the authors' experience and knowledge, the current review aimed to, firstly, discuss and overview SRAS-CoV-2 infection and reactions in the body, and, secondly, to obtain related subjects from the PubMed database. Results and Conclusion: In most COVID-19 patients, uncontrollable cytokines secretion and mediators are major key points in the pathogenesis of the disease. Of all cytokines and mediators, serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and soluble TNF-α receptor (sTNFR) have been reported. Lymphopenia and hypoxia, as well as the severity of the disease, can be considered as COVID-19 manifestations. High levels of intracellular NO inside of the red blood cells (RBCs) of patients drive the unexpected silent hypoxia phenotype induced ARDS importantly related to the patient's immune system dysfunction.

scholarly journals Impact of level of vitamin D in the body on the severity of COVID-19 – review of the literature

2020 ◽  
pp. 583-595
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

INTRODUCTION. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge on the influence of vitamin D levels on the severity of the course of COVID-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The latest available literature was reviewed until October 30, 2020 from the PubMed database. RESULTS. The literature reports that vitamin D has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. It reduces the expression of cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and INF-γ, regulates the activity of T helper lymphocytes, and other elements of the immune system at the molecular level. The deficiency of this vitamin promotes the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, contributing to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The severity of the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on comorbidities, the development and course of which may also be affected by vitamin D levels (coagulopathies, pulmonary, cardiological, metabolic diseases). Most of the analyzed research studies from different countries indicated a relationship between insufficient vitamin D levels and a more severe course of COVID-19 and an increase in mortality due to it, especially among the elderly. Researchers agree that further analyzes are necessary concerning both the influence of the vitamin D blood serum levels on the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 as well as the use of its supplementation in the struggle against SARS-CoV-2 virus. There are reports of possible beneficial interactions of vitamin D with other substances, such as quercetin, estradiol, some microelements, and other vitamins. CONCLUSIONS. Maintaining an adequate level of vitamin D has a positive effect on the functioning of the immune system. At the moment, there is insufficient evidence to establish a clear relationship between vitamin D levels and the severity of COVID-19. It is necessary to conduct further research on a larger study group. The literature does not mention the use of vitamin D as a medication for COVID-19. People at risk of vitamin D deficiency should consider vitamin D supplementation at the current time of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Free Light Chains as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker of Immune System Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis and HIV Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk ◽  
Barbara Mroczko
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Free Light Chains ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Pubmed Database

Introduction. Immunoglobulins are molecules composed of two heavy and two light chains. Light chains are produced by B lymphocytes during the synthesis of immunoglobulins, and physiologically light chains are generally produced in excess compared to heavy chains. Light chains that are not combined to heavy chains in a whole immunoglobulin are called free light chains (FLCs). B-cell abnormalities are associated with disorders leading to an abnormal concentration of free light chains. In this study, we focus on the described changes of serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of free light chains in inflammatory disorders: multiple sclerosis, HIV infection, and HIV-associated lymphomas. Methods. We performed broad research of the literature pertaining to our investigation via the MEDLINE/PubMed database. Results. It has been proven that FLC determination can provide rapid information about intrathecal inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis. Moreover, literature data suggest that free light chain determination is the most interesting alternative for oligoclonal band analysis. In the present review, we also described that HIV-related immune system dysfunction is associated with an elevated concentration of serum-free light chains. Additionally, FLCs are potentially a strong and sensitive predictor of the risk of developing HIV-associated lymphomas. Conclusion. Based on these published findings, we suggest that free light chains have high diagnostic sensitivity, which probably enables application in laboratory diagnostics.

scholarly journals The Immune System of Mesothelioma Patients: A Window of Opportunity for Novel Immunotherapies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Nicolini ◽  
Massimiliano Mazza
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Review Current

The interplay between the immune system and the pleural mesothelium is crucial both for the development of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and for the response of MPM patients to therapy. MPM is heavily infiltrated by several immune cell types which affect the progression of the disease. The presence of organized tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) witness the attempt to fight the disease in situ by adaptive immunity which is often suppressed by tumor expressed factors. In rare patients physiological, pharmacological or vaccine-induced immune response is efficient, rendering their plasma a valuable resource of anti-tumor immune cells and molecules. Of particular interest are human antibodies targeting antigens at the tumor cell surface. Here we review current knowledge regarding MPM immune infiltration, MPM immunotherapy and the harnessing of this response to identify novel biologics as biomarkers and therapeutics through innovative screening strategies.

scholarly journals CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL INFLAMMATORY PATTERNS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN OBESE PATIENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Konischeva ◽  
V. B. Gervazieva ◽  
S. A. Mazurina
Keyword(s):  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Asthma Severity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Tnf Α

We aimed to investigate immunological patterns of inflammation and autoimmunity, in bronchial asthma (BA) associated with obesity. Materials and methods. 109 people aged from 17 to 58 years with various body weights have been examined in total, including 64 individuals with allergic diseases as bronchial asthma (BA) and allergic rhinitis (AR). We performed the measurement of the body mass index according to WHO criteria, and evaluation of the asthma severity and comorbid conditions. In the samples of peripheral blood we measured biochemical tests (cholesterol and its fractions), spontaneous and PHA-induced production of cytokines: IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-, and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, total IgE and IgE-autoAT, specific for a number of tissue AH (epithelial keratin, collagen 3 and 6 types, elastin and myosin). Results. Our study showed that in both groups of adults, the obesity was associated with increasing of acute phase proteins, CRP, leptin and TNF-α in serum, being most enhanced in asthma group. Individuals with excess body weight are characterized by significantly an increased level of acute phase proteins (Westergren ESR, CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in serum, thereby confirming the involvement of systemic inflammation in the obesity pathogenesis. The phenotype of BA with obesity is characterized by overproduction of CRP and leptin, along with increased spontaneous production of IL-4 and TNF-α, and also revealed sIgE to self-antigen as keratin, that in total could indicate more prominent inflammatory pathways with the impairment of immune regulation in this endotype of patients. Conclusion. The revealed associations confirm the link between obesity, as a chronic inflammatory condition, with atopy and development of asthma with further immune-mediated inflammation of the conduction airways.

Delusional of Parasitosis in Geriatric Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S470-S470
Author(s):  
M. Gutierrez Rodriguez ◽  
C. Moreno Menguiano ◽  
F. Garcia Sanchez ◽  
R. Martin Aragon
Keyword(s):  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Delusional Parasitosis ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Primary Disorder ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionDelusional of parasitosis or Ekbom's syndrome (ES) is a psychiatric disorder in which the patient has a fixed and false belief that small organisms infest the body. The belief is often accompanied by hallucinations. It is an uncommon condition that was initially studied by dermatologists, more prevalent in the elderly and typically observed in women older than 50 years although isolated cases among men have been reported.ObjectiveTo review current knowledge about delusional of parasitosis in elderly patients through literature systematic review and the analysis of a case report.MethodologyWe performed a literature search using electronic manuscripts available in PubMed database published during the last five years, following the description and discussion of a clinical case. We report a case of an 85-year-old man who presented a delusional parasitosis as a primary disorder.ResultsThe literature on ES consists mostly of case reports and limited series. In this paper, we analyze the etiology, demographic characteristics, clinical features and treatment in geriatric patients with delusional parasitosis.ConclusionInternational classifications have included this syndrome in non-schizophrenic delusions. However, it has also been reported in schizophrenia, affective disorders, and organic or induced psychosis. Treatment is based on antipsychotic agents, psychotherapy and cooperation between dermatologists and psychiatrists.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Arginase, a Possible Therapeutic Target in Prostate Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
Subodhini Abhang ◽  
Prachi Shelgikar ◽  
Shruti Mulgund
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

With increasing populations, the prevalence of prostate cancer increases. In the future, a significant public health crisis can be recognized in the present incidence of prostate cancer. In order to counter this, markers should be established for the advanced diagnosis and treatment of the illness prognosis. The cells dominate our immune system and grow into a detectable tumour, causing cancer. At this stage in the body, several processes are dominated, governed and deregulated by the tumour. In most cases, immune response undertakes measures by limiting the availability of Arginine. In this context it is fascinating to examine how the levels of Arginine fluctuate with the severity of the disease and the levels of Arginase and NO. Substances and methods: In 25 beginning phases and 25 advanced stage of the prostate cancer patients and compared to 25 healthy controls, 5 ml of the blood were taken and tested for serum levels of Arginina, and nitric oxide. A substantial reduction in arginine (p<0.001) found was detected. In Arginase and levels a substantial increase (p<0.001) was detected. Conclusion: Increased Arginase levels are linked to the illness progression and the result lowers as Arginase uses most phases. Therefore, Arginase inhibition can be promising therapeutic target in prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Review of Dendritic Cells, Their Role in Clinical Immunology, and Distribution in Various Animal Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8044
Author(s):  
Mohammed Yusuf Zanna ◽  
Abd Rahaman Yasmin ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar ◽  
Siti Suri Arshad ◽  
Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Immunology ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
General Aspects

Dendritic cells (DCs) are cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of the bone marrow and form a widely distributed cellular system throughout the body. They are the most efficient, potent, and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, inducing and dispersing a primary immune response by the activation of naïve T-cells, and playing an important role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance under homeostatic conditions. Thus, this review has elucidated the general aspects of DCs as well as the current dynamic perspectives and distribution of DCs in humans and in various species of animals that includes mouse, rat, birds, dog, cat, horse, cattle, sheep, pig, and non-human primates. Besides the role that DCs play in immune response, they also play a pathogenic role in many diseases, thus becoming a target in disease prevention and treatment. In addition, its roles in clinical immunology have also been addressed, which include its involvement in transplantation, autoimmune disease, viral infections, cancer, and as a vaccine target. Therefore, based on the current knowledge and understanding of the important roles they play, DCs can be used in the future as a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Ángeles Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Vertebrate Immune System

The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal’s immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.

scholarly journals Liver involvement in the process of acute respiratory infections in pediatric patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (05.1) ◽  
pp. 063S-068S
Author(s):  
Nune Baghdasaryan ◽  
Gohar Ayvazyan ◽  
Murad Grigoryan ◽  
Lilit Avetisyan ◽  
Olya Asatryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Liver Involvement ◽  
P Value ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Introduction: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of liver involvement in pediatric patients with ARI using both routine tests of hepatic panel, and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) to identify the most sensitive indicators of early hepatic injury. Methodology: A prospective cohort study of 84 armenian children with ARI was conducted to evaluate the associated liver involvement. The diagnostic variables of interest were the signs of clinical disease severity, and enzymatic profile of the patients. Results: Serum levels of OCT were increased in 94% of patients versus routine tests of hepatic panel (AST in 41.7%, ALT in 15.5%, etc). Variance analysis by severity groups showed the serum levels of OCT (p < 0.001), ammonia (p < 0.001), phospholipides (p = 0.05), glucose (p = 0.01), TNF-α (p = 0.01), IL-8 (p < 0.001), AST (p < 0.001), and ALP (p < 0.001) were associated with the severity of underlying disease. Moreover, regression analysis revealed the serum activity of OCT (p value < 0.001, OR = 1.27) and ammonia (p value 0.002, OR = 1.1) significantly predict the severity of the disease. Conclusions: Using more sensitive marker of liver damage can detect more cases of ARI with hepatic manifestations. For evaluation of the liver involvement we are suggesting the testing of serum OCT levels as a more sensitive and specific marker. Pediatric patients with ARI and with higher serum OCT levels have 27% more chance to experience increased disease severity, which can affect on liver state and prolong hospitalization time and cost.

scholarly journals Mosquito Trilogy: Microbiota, Immunity and Pathogens, and Their Implications for the Control of Disease Transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Gabrieli ◽  
Silvia Caccia ◽  
Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi ◽  
Irene Arnoldi ◽  
Giulia Barbieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mosquito Females ◽  
Review Current

In mosquitoes, the interaction between the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the pathogens that these insects transmit to humans and animals is regarded as a key component toward the development of control strategies, aimed at reducing the burden of severe diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever. Indeed, different microorganisms from the mosquito microbiota have been investigated for their ability to affect important traits of the biology of the host insect, related with its survival, development and reproduction. Furthermore, some microorganisms have been shown to modulate the immune response of mosquito females, significantly shaping their vector competence. Here, we will review current knowledge in this field, focusing on i) the complex interaction between the intestinal microbiota and mosquito females defenses, both in the gut and at humoral level; ii) how knowledge on these issues contributes to the development of novel and targeted strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases such as the use of paratransgenesis or taking advantage of the relationship between Wolbachia and mosquito hosts. We conclude by providing a brief overview of available knowledge on microbiota-immune system interplay in major insect vectors.

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