scholarly journals Review of Dendritic Cells, Their Role in Clinical Immunology, and Distribution in Various Animal Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8044
Author(s):  
Mohammed Yusuf Zanna ◽  
Abd Rahaman Yasmin ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar ◽  
Siti Suri Arshad ◽  
Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Immunology ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
General Aspects

Dendritic cells (DCs) are cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of the bone marrow and form a widely distributed cellular system throughout the body. They are the most efficient, potent, and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, inducing and dispersing a primary immune response by the activation of naïve T-cells, and playing an important role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance under homeostatic conditions. Thus, this review has elucidated the general aspects of DCs as well as the current dynamic perspectives and distribution of DCs in humans and in various species of animals that includes mouse, rat, birds, dog, cat, horse, cattle, sheep, pig, and non-human primates. Besides the role that DCs play in immune response, they also play a pathogenic role in many diseases, thus becoming a target in disease prevention and treatment. In addition, its roles in clinical immunology have also been addressed, which include its involvement in transplantation, autoimmune disease, viral infections, cancer, and as a vaccine target. Therefore, based on the current knowledge and understanding of the important roles they play, DCs can be used in the future as a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.

Methods of Studying Human Dendritic Cells Applicable to Assessing Vaccine Efficacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
VYu Talayev ◽  
MV Svetlova ◽  
IY Zaichenko ◽  
ON Babaykina ◽  
EV Voronina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Dendritic Cell Maturation ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Dendritic Cells

Introduction: Vaccines are one of the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases. Their effectiveness and safety are guaranteed by studies of vaccine properties, during their development and during the mandatory preclinical and clinical trials of each new vaccine. Additional information on the mechanisms of vaccine action on human immune system cells can be obtained using in vitro immune response models. The objective of the study was to determine applicability of certain methods of studying human dendritic cells in vitro to assessing the effect of vaccines. Dendritic cells are the most active antigen presenting cells, which play a key role in triggering a primary immune response to an infection or vaccine. Materials and methods: We studied the effect of vaccines on the maturation of dendritic cells, their phagocytic activity and the ability to stimulate T-lymphocytes in vitro. Results: To test the methods, we used vaccines with a known pattern of action on the immune system. All the vaccines induced the expression of dendritic cell maturation markers. At the same time, different vaccines induced a different set of markers and the degree of expression of these molecules. Quantitative methods for assessing phagocytosis and stimulating activity of dendritic cells are described. Conclusion: Methods for evaluation of phagocytosis, phenotypic maturation and functional properties of dendritic cells have been shown to be useful for evaluation of vaccine action. In our opinion, these methods, as a complement to traditional methods for evaluating the immune response, can be used to investigate the action of prototype vaccines at the stage of their development and preclinical trials.

scholarly journals Biomaterials-Based Modulation of the Immune System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin B. Gardner ◽  
Simon K. C. Lee ◽  
Elliot C. Woods ◽  
Abhinav P. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Molecular Signals

The immune system is traditionally considered from the perspective of defending against bacterial or viral infections. However, foreign materials like implants can also illicit immune responses. These immune responses are mediated by a large number of molecular signals, including cytokines, antibodies and reactive radical species, and cell types, including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. Most often, these molecular signals lead to the generation of fibrous encapsulation of the biomaterials, thereby shielding the body from these biomaterials. In this review we will focus on two different types of biomaterials: those that actively modulate the immune response, as seen in antigen delivery vehicles for vaccines, and those that illicit relatively small immune response, which are important for implantable materials. The first serves to actively influence the immune response by co-opting certain immune pathways, while the second tries to mimic the properties of the host in an attempt to remain undetected by the immune system. As these are two very different end points, each type of biomaterial has been studied and developed separately and in recent years, many advances have been made in each respective area, which will be highlighted in this review.

Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 716-722
Author(s):  
Sneha Dhakite ◽  
Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
And Control

The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pecora ◽  
Federica Persico ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Cosimo Neglia ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

scholarly journals The Mechanism of Stimulating and Mobilizing the Immune System Enhancing the Anti-Tumor Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengguo Wu ◽  
Shang Li ◽  
Xiao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Cell Components

Cancer immunotherapy is a kind of therapy that can control and eliminate tumors by restarting and maintaining the tumor-immune cycle and restoring the body’s normal anti-tumor immune response. Although immunotherapy has great potential, it is currently only applicable to patients with certain types of tumors, such as melanoma, lung cancer, and cancer with high mutation load and microsatellite instability, and even in these types of tumors, immunotherapy is not effective for all patients. In order to enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy, this article reviews the research progress of tumor microenvironment immunotherapy, and studies the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we focused on immunotherapy against tumor microenvironment (TME) and discussed the important research progress. TME is the environment for the survival and development of tumor cells, which is composed of cell components and non-cell components; immunotherapy for TME by stimulating or mobilizing the immune system of the body, enhancing the anti-tumor immunity. The checkpoint inhibitors can effectively block the inhibitory immunoregulation, indirectly strengthen the anti-tumor immune response and improve the effect of immunotherapy. We also found the checkpoint inhibitors have brought great changes to the treatment model of advanced tumors, but the clinical treatment results show great individual differences. Based on the close attention to the future development trend of immunotherapy, this study summarized the latest progress of immunotherapy and pointed out a new direction. To study the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing the immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity can provide new opportunities for cancer treatment, expand the clinical application scope and effective population of cancer immunotherapy, and improve the survival rate of cancer patients.

scholarly journals THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SELENIUM AND ITS PLACE IN RNA VIRAL DISEASES

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
T.M. Guseynov ◽  
◽  
R.T. Guliyeva ◽  
F.R. Yakhyayeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Essential Trace Element ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT. Selenium as an essential trace element takes part in the regulation of many vital processes. This is realized with the help of over 25 selenoproteins that affect oxidative stress, immune response, hormonal metabolism, cognitive function, etc. Recently (in the next 30 - 40 years), there have been reports of the effect on viral infections, which have now become widespread. It turned out that almost all RNA viruses are selenium-dependent objects, that is, their genome contains the codes of the most important selenium containing proteins, including such as glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxinreductase, selenium-P protein, etc. Their synthesis during the development of a viral infection at the expense of the host leads to a weakening of the synthesis of the body's own intracellular selenium proteins, which contributes to the development of oxidative stress and a failure of the immune response. And this leads to the devastation of the selenium depot of the body, intended for the synthesis of its selenium proteins, which participate in vital regulatory processes. This circumstance determines, to replenish the body's resources with selenium, the expediency of using selenium-containing pharmacopoeia preparations as adjuvant in the treatment of RNA viral infections.

scholarly journals Exploring the Role of Innate Lymphocytes in the Immune System of Bats and Virus-Host Interactions

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Wan Rong Sia ◽  
Yichao Zheng ◽  
Fei Han ◽  
Shiwei Chen ◽  
Shaohua Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Lymphocytes

Bats are reservoirs of a large number of viruses of global public health significance, including the ancestral virus for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although bats are natural carriers of multiple pathogenic viruses, they rarely display signs of disease. Recent insights suggest that bats have a more balanced host defense and tolerance system to viral infections that may be linked to the evolutionary adaptation to powered flight. Therefore, a deeper understanding of bat immune system may provide intervention strategies to prevent zoonotic disease transmission and to identify new therapeutic targets. Similar to other eutherian mammals, bats have both innate and adaptive immune systems that have evolved to detect and respond to invading pathogens. Bridging these two systems are innate lymphocytes, which are highly abundant within circulation and barrier tissues. These cells share the characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are poised to mount rapid effector responses. They are ideally suited as the first line of defense against early stages of viral infections. Here, we will focus on the current knowledge of innate lymphocytes in bats, their function, and their potential role in host–pathogen interactions. Moreover, given that studies into bat immune systems are often hindered by a lack of bat-specific research tools, we will discuss strategies that may aid future research in bat immunity, including the potential use of organoid models to delineate the interplay between innate lymphocytes, bat viruses, and host tolerance.

Introduction to Clinical Immunology: Overview of the Immune Response, Autoimmune Conditions, and Immunosuppressive Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven K. Lundy ◽  
Alison Gizinski ◽  
David A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The immune system is a complex network of cells and mediators that must balance the task of protecting the host from invasive threats. From a clinical perspective, many diseases and conditions have an obvious link to improper functioning of the immune system, and insufficient immune responses can lead to uncontrolled acute and chronic infections. The immune system may also be important in tumor surveillance and control, cardiovascular disease, health complications related to obesity, neuromuscular diseases, depression, and dementia. Thus, a working knowledge of the role of immunity in disease processes is becoming increasingly important in almost all aspects of clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the immune response and discusses immune cell populations and major branches of immunity, compartmentalization and specialized immune niches, antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance toward self antigens, inflammation and innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses and helper T (Th) cell subsets, components of the immune response that are important targets of treatment in autoimmune diseases, mechanisms of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases and their approved uses, and mechanisms of other drugs commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Figures show the development of erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, and other immune system cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells that first reside in the fetal liver and later migrate to the bone marrow, antigen–major histocompatibility complex recognition by T cell receptor control of T cell survival and activation, and Th cells as central determinants of the adaptive immune response toward different stimuli. Tables list cell populations involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pattern recognition receptors with known ligands, autoantibody-mediated human diseases: examples of pathogenic mechanisms, selected Food and Drug Administration–approved autoimmune disease indications for biologics, and mechanism of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases.   This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 64 references.

The Maternal Immune Response to in Utero Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
Tippi MacKenzie ◽  
Erin Jarvis ◽  
Amar Nijagal ◽  
Tom Le ◽  
Marta Wegorzewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Abstract Abstract 64 In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (IUHSCTx) is a promising treatment strategy for many congenital hematopoietic disorders such as immunodeficiencies. However, clinical applications have been hampered by lack of engraftment, possibly secondary to a host immune response. This has been a conundrum in the field, since the fetus can also be tolerized to allogeneic cells in some circumstances. We hypothesized that it is the maternal immune response which limits engraftment of in utero transplanted cells. Methods: Fetal BALB/c mice at 14 days' gestation were transplanted with age-matched fetal liver (FL) cells (2.5 × 106 cells/fetus) from allogeneic C57B6 mice and levels of circulating donor cell chimerism were determined serially starting at 4 weeks after in utero transplantation. Rates of engraftment (number of chimeric pups/number of surviving pups) and levels of chimerism (donor CD45 cells/total CD45 cells) were compared to controls in which animals were transplanted with congenic cells (C57B6 (CD45.2) fetal hosts transplanted with C57B6 (CD45.1) FL). In order to determine the role of the maternal adaptive immune system, immunodeficient BALB/c.Rag−/− mothers (deficient in T and B cells) were bred to wild type BALB/c males, such that the fetuses (BALB/c.Rag+/−) would be immunocompetent. These fetuses were transplanted with C57B6 FL and rates of engraftment and levels of chimerism in these transplants were compared to those in wild type allogeneic transplants. In order to determine whether the maternal influence is caused by maternal lymphocytes trafficking into the fetus, C57B6 (CD45.2) females were bred to C57B6 (CD45.1) males, such that the fetal cells (CD45.1+/CD45.2+) could be distinguished from maternal cells (CD45.1−/CD45.2+). Fetal blood and tissues were examined for the presence of maternal cells by flow cytometry at various gestational ages. Results: The rate of engraftment after IUHSCTx in control animals transplanted with congenic cells was 14/16 (88%) and average levels of chimerism were 9.9±8.4%. In contrast, the rate of engraftment in wild-type BALB/c fetuses transplanted with allogeneic B6 cells was 11/25 (44%; p<0.05 compared to congenic), and levels of chimerism were 21±19 (p=NS), confirming there is an adaptive immune response to fetal stem cell transplantation. As expected, chimeric animals were tolerant to the donor strain by mixed lymphocyte reaction while injected, non-chimeric animals were sensitized. However, in the absence of a maternal adaptive immune system, rates of chimerism (in immunocompetent BALB/c.Rag+/− pups) increased to 100% (n=10, p<0.05 compared to wild type allogeneic) and levels of chimerism were significantly higher (44±18, p<0.05). Levels of chimerism in engrafted animals declined over time after allogeneic transplantation but not after congenic transplantation, indicating there is a second, late phase immune response to allogeneic cells. However, chimerism levels did not decline in the BALB/c.Rag+/− recipients, suggesting that the maternal immune system has long-lasting effects on the success of fetal transplantation, perhaps by priming the host immune system. In our analysis of maternal/fetal cellular trafficking, we detected maternal lymphocytes in the blood of midgestation fetuses (14±7% at E12.5–E14.5, n=9) which declined gradually and was undetectable after birth. Lineage analysis demonstrated that 45±15 % of maternal cells are Gr-1+ granulocytes and 21±15% are B cells. Trafficking of maternal cells into the fetus was increased following fetal manipulation (injection of PBS < injection of allogeneic HSC). Conclusions: There is an adaptive immune response which limits early engraftment after in utero transplantation of allogeneic cells and leads to a gradual decline in levels of chimerism in engrafted animals. However, in the selective absence of maternal T and B cells, all fetuses transplanted with allogeneic FL cells show long-term, multilineage engraftment and demonstrate donor-specific tolerance. These results indicate that the maternal immune system plays a significant role in the success of fetal HSC transplantation. Cellular trafficking between the mother and fetus may be a mechanism by which maternal lymphocytes encounter cells transplanted into the fetus. Our findings have clinical implications in that the success of IUHSCTx may be improved by harvesting cells from the mother or HLA-matching cells to the mother. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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