scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF STAND MODELS FOR DOUGLAS FIR AND LODGEPOLE PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Newnham ◽  
J. H. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Research Technique

Methods used in the development and testing of stand models for Douglas fir and lodgepole pine are described briefly. Influence of spacings from 3.3 to 19.8 feet on number of trees per acre, basal area per acre, and average d.b.h. is shown graphically for Douglas fir. The importance of knowing distribution as well as amount of mortality is stressed and illustrated. Use of the model for studying thinning is described.Study of a lodgepole pine model, which also includes tree height and volume per acre, suggests that the general approach based on crown width and d.b.h. of open-grown trees could be applied to other species. Because of the ease and speed of manipulation of these models they could become an important operational and research technique.

Stand growth responses after fertilization for thinned lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and spruce in forests of interior British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1471-1482
Author(s):  
Woongsoon Jang ◽  
Bianca N.I. Eskelson ◽  
Louise de Montigny ◽  
Catherine A. Bealle Statland ◽  
Derek F. Sattler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Responses

This study was conducted to quantify growth responses of three major commercial conifer species (lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and spruce (white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and hybrid spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière))) to various fertilizer blends in interior British Columbia, Canada. Over 25 years, growth-response data were repeatedly collected across 46 installations. The fertilizer blends were classified into three groups: nitrogen only; nitrogen and sulfur combined; and nitrogen, sulfur, and boron combined. The growth responses for stand volume, basal area, and top height were calculated through absolute and relative growth rate ratios relative to a controlled group. Fertilizer blend, inverse years since fertilization, site index, stand density at fertilization, and their interactions with the fertilizer blend were used as explanatory variables. The magnitude and significance of volume and basal area growth responses to fertilization differed by species, fertilizer-blend groups, and stand-condition variables (i.e., site index and stand density). In contrast, the response in top height growth did not differ among fertilization blends, with the exception of the nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer subgroup for lodgepole pine. The models developed in this study will be incorporated into the current growth and yield fertilization module (i.e., Table Interpolation Program for Stand Yields (TIPSY)), thereby supporting guidance of fertilization applications in interior forests in British Columbia.

scholarly journals Assessing Differences in Competitive Effects Among Tree Species in Central British Columbia, Canada

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Stella Britwum Acquah ◽  
Peter L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

Research Highlights: We investigated the competitive interactions among three tree species (interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), interior spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss × Picea engelmannii Engelm.), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud. var. latifolia Englem.)) in multi-aged stands in central British Columbia, Canada. Background and Objectives: Understanding competitive interactions among tree species in mixed-species stands is fundamental to supporting silvicultural decision-making in such stands. Using the periodic annual basal area increment for single trees as our dependent variable, we investigated whether neighboring trees competed with subject trees independently of species identity. We also examined the differences in single-tree basal area growth among the three conifer species over time under different levels of competition. Materials and Methods: We developed several spatially explicit, single-tree basal area growth models for interior Douglas-fir, interior spruce, and lodgepole pine using data from 16 plots in two blocks of a long-term study (five measurements over a 21-year period) on the response to pre-commercial thinning. We compared these equations to assess whether intraspecific or interspecific competition predominated. We also examined the differences in basal area growth among the three conifer species over time under different levels of competition. Results: We found asymmetrical relationships between the conifer trees and their neighbors for all species, indicating that the main driver limiting growth in these stands is aboveground competition for light. There was evidence of higher intraspecific competition for small (<10.0 cm DBH) interior Douglas-fir in one block. However, there was no general pattern among larger subject trees with respect to the identity of neighborhood competitive effects and the equivalence of neighbors. We observed a higher level of basal area growth over time for interior Douglas-fir than for lodgepole pine and interior spruce, irrespective of the competition intensity and, not surprisingly, the growth rate declined with increasing competition levels for the three species. Conclusions: Our results provide an understanding of how interior Douglas-fir stands will develop over time and information on species interactions that could help forest managers explore different silvicultural options and their effects on individual tree growth in these complex stands.

Estimation of foliage area in dense Montana lodgepole pine stands

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Hungerford
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Density Range ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pine Stands

Six stands of lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield, in Montana were sampled to evaluate sapwood area (at 1.37 m and the crown base), basal area (at 1.37 m), tree height, and crown length as predictors of foliage area. Densities of the six stands ranged from 2900 to 17 800 stems/ha. This density range was picked to determine how stand density affects the ratio of foliage area to basal sapwood area. Regression estimates of foliage area using basal area and sapwood area at 1.37 m and the crown base were equally good. Within the sampled range of stand densities, differences in the foliage area to sapwood area ratio were not significant. The amount of foliage area served per unit of sapwood area (at 1.37 m) averaged 0.25 m2/cm2 for all 54 trees sampled. This value of foliage area per unit of sapwood area in dense stands was smaller than most other published values.

Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on branch and foliage production in Douglas-fir

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brix
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Needle Size ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Thinning Effect ◽  
Needle Mass ◽  
Crown Size ◽  
Number Of Shoots

The effect of two levels of thinning (zero and [Formula: see text] of basal area removed) and three levels of nitrogen fertilization (0,224, and 448 kg N/ha) on crown development of codominant, 24-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees was studied over a 5- to 7-year period. Thinning and heavy ferilization separately increased needle mass per tree after 7 years by 90% and, when combined, by 271%. Yearly needle production peaked 2–3 years after fertilization and resulted from an increase in needle size, needle number per shoot, and number of shoots produced. Maximum foliage mass per tree was reached 4–7 years after fertilization. Thinning effect on needle production was lower initially, but increased throughout the study period. A continuing foliage production in branches low in the crown contributed to thinning effect on foliage mass and crown size. Foliage distribution was affected most in the top half of the crown by fertilization and in the bottom half of the crown by thinning. Fertilization increased branch elongation at all crown heights, but thinning alone had no effect on crown width down to whorl 12.

THE INFLUENCE OF STAND DENSITY ON THE CORRELATION OF STEM DIAMETER WITH CROWN WIDTH AND HEIGHT FOR LODGEPOLE PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Bonnor
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Similar Site

A statistical comparison of eight lodgepole pine plots of different stand density but of similar site and age revealed that stand density did not influence the correlation of stem diameter with crown width and tree height.

scholarly journals Slenderness of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) according to biosocial position

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
ZDZISŁAW KACZMARSKI ◽  
KATARZYNA MASTERNAK ◽  
MATEUSZ JARMUŁ
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Growth Space ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Crown Projection Area

The paper presents results of an analysis of pedunculate oak slenderness. The dependence between slenderness of the oak tree and dimensions of the trunk and the crown dimensions of a single tree were examined. The biosocial position of each tree was determined based on the Kraft’s classification criteria. Following dimensions were measured for each tree: height, height of base of live crown, crown radius, diameter at breast height. The following crown parameters related to the growth space of a single tree were determined: crown length, crown width, crown projection area, space of a single tree, Seebach’s growth space number, crown projection area to basal area ratio, crown spread. Based on the obtained results, the following was found: biosocial position of the oak tree in vertical structure of the stand has significant impact on the size of the tree slenderness; the slenderness increases with deterioration of the biosocial position of the tree, but it decreases with the increase in the value of the tree’s measurement characteristics and the measures of its crown. 

ROOT SPREAD CAN BE ESTIMATED FROM CROWN WIDTH OF DOUGLAS FIR, LODGEPOLE PINE, AND OTHER BRITISH COLUMBIA TREE SPECIES

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Harry G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils ◽  
Root Spread

Knowledge of the relationships between lateral root spread and crown width is needed to guide plans for providing optimum space per tree during silvicultural operations. Crown width is a valuable indicator of root spread of open-grown Douglas fir, lodgepole and ponderosa pines, and white, Engelmann and Sitka spruces. The association between root spread and crown width is less reliable in forest-grown trees but still useful.Detailed studies of root systems were made by excavation of roots of trees blown down in the U.B.C. Campus Forest by a typhoon in October, 1962. Roots of 89 Douglas fir, 81 western hemlock, 61 western red cedar, and 33 red alder trees were mapped and analyzed in relation to 18 tree and stand variables. In addition, average and maximum root depth, number of main roots, the ratio of maximum to average root spread, and portion of rooting zone occupied by roots were studied.Average and maximum radius of roots of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine were analyzed in relation to crown width, d.b.h., height, age and other tree and stand characteristics. Appropriate regression and correlation analyses were completed for all species and the possible advantages of ratio estimates were noted.Ratios of root spread to crown width were influenced by species, stand density, and kind of soil. Ratios averaged 1.1 for open- and 0.9 for forest-grown Douglas fir but were 2.4 for both open- and forest-grown lodgepole pine on peat or poorly drained soils.

scholarly journals Growth of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and ponderosa pine seedlings underplanted in a partially-cut, dry Douglas-fir stand in south-central British Columbia

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Vyse ◽  
Christine Ferguson ◽  
Suzanne W Simard ◽  
Tamaki Kano ◽  
Pasi Puttonen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
South Central

The effects of partial cutting on seedling growth of three conifer species were studied at a very dry, hot interior Douglas-fir site near Kamloops, British Columbia. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. P. & C. Laws.) seedlings were planted in mechanically prepared 50 cm × 50 cm patches under different canopy conditions created by harvesting 60% of the original stand volume. The prepared areas were selected to represent canopy closures from open to closed, slopes from 0 to 60%, and all aspects. After six years, survival of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine was 78%, 76% and 70%, respectively. Light level had a strong influence on survival and condition. Growth of all species increased linearly with light, and was greatest for lodgepole pine, followed by ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Multiple regression analysis showed that six-year seedling size was most significantly affected by total light, and only occasionally by aspect, slope, or crown closure. The best models explained 53%, 47% and 42% of the variation in diameter of lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir, respectively. Natural abundance 13C was positively correlated with light and soil moisture availability, reflecting higher photosynthetic capacity of all species in the wetter, open canopy conditions. Patterns in isotopic discrimination also indicated greater water use efficiency of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine than lodgepole pine under low light conditions. Underplanting stands thinned to a basal area of less than 15m2 per ha offers a solution to regeneration difficulties on hot, dry Interior Douglas-fir sites. Key words: partial cutting, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, light, soil moisture, 13C, growth, survival, Opax Mountain Silvicultural Systems Project

Estimating Weights of Tree Components of Lodgepole Pine from Large-Scale Aerial Photographs

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-194
Author(s):  
A. D. Kiil
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Precise Estimate ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Air Photo ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Fuel Components

Sixty-three lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees were measured on the ground, felled, and their crowns and stems were weighed. The combined independent variables of tree height and crown width gave the most precise estimate of fuel components. No significant differences were found between ground and air photo measurements of total tree height and crown width. Hence, the weight of all branchwood, entire crown, and entire tree can be estimated by the use of large-scale aerial photographs.

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