THE INFLUENCE OF STAND DENSITY ON THE CORRELATION OF STEM DIAMETER WITH CROWN WIDTH AND HEIGHT FOR LODGEPOLE PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Bonnor
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Similar Site

A statistical comparison of eight lodgepole pine plots of different stand density but of similar site and age revealed that stand density did not influence the correlation of stem diameter with crown width and tree height.

Estimation of foliage area in dense Montana lodgepole pine stands

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Hungerford
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Density Range ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pine Stands

Six stands of lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield, in Montana were sampled to evaluate sapwood area (at 1.37 m and the crown base), basal area (at 1.37 m), tree height, and crown length as predictors of foliage area. Densities of the six stands ranged from 2900 to 17 800 stems/ha. This density range was picked to determine how stand density affects the ratio of foliage area to basal sapwood area. Regression estimates of foliage area using basal area and sapwood area at 1.37 m and the crown base were equally good. Within the sampled range of stand densities, differences in the foliage area to sapwood area ratio were not significant. The amount of foliage area served per unit of sapwood area (at 1.37 m) averaged 0.25 m2/cm2 for all 54 trees sampled. This value of foliage area per unit of sapwood area in dense stands was smaller than most other published values.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF STAND MODELS FOR DOUGLAS FIR AND LODGEPOLE PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Newnham ◽  
J. H. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Research Technique

Methods used in the development and testing of stand models for Douglas fir and lodgepole pine are described briefly. Influence of spacings from 3.3 to 19.8 feet on number of trees per acre, basal area per acre, and average d.b.h. is shown graphically for Douglas fir. The importance of knowing distribution as well as amount of mortality is stressed and illustrated. Use of the model for studying thinning is described.Study of a lodgepole pine model, which also includes tree height and volume per acre, suggests that the general approach based on crown width and d.b.h. of open-grown trees could be applied to other species. Because of the ease and speed of manipulation of these models they could become an important operational and research technique.

Tree form and taper variation over time for interior lodgepole pine

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1904-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles K. Muhairwe
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Tree Shape ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Over Time

Changes in tree form and taper over time, as affected by changes in tree, stand, and site factors for interior lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) were investigated using detailed stem analysis data from interior British Columbia. It was found that tree shape and taper change along the stem at one time and over time with changes in tree and stand factors, particularly the diameter at breast height to total tree height ratio, crown length, and crown ratio, and with predicted quadratic mean diameter at age 50 years, a stand density measure. At young ages, the trees were parabolic in shape from ground to top. However, as they increased in size over time, different portions of the stem took different shapes because of unequal growth in diameter along the stem. Changes in tree shape and taper over time were closely related to the crown size, which is related to stand density.

ROOT SPREAD CAN BE ESTIMATED FROM CROWN WIDTH OF DOUGLAS FIR, LODGEPOLE PINE, AND OTHER BRITISH COLUMBIA TREE SPECIES

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Harry G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils ◽  
Root Spread

Knowledge of the relationships between lateral root spread and crown width is needed to guide plans for providing optimum space per tree during silvicultural operations. Crown width is a valuable indicator of root spread of open-grown Douglas fir, lodgepole and ponderosa pines, and white, Engelmann and Sitka spruces. The association between root spread and crown width is less reliable in forest-grown trees but still useful.Detailed studies of root systems were made by excavation of roots of trees blown down in the U.B.C. Campus Forest by a typhoon in October, 1962. Roots of 89 Douglas fir, 81 western hemlock, 61 western red cedar, and 33 red alder trees were mapped and analyzed in relation to 18 tree and stand variables. In addition, average and maximum root depth, number of main roots, the ratio of maximum to average root spread, and portion of rooting zone occupied by roots were studied.Average and maximum radius of roots of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine were analyzed in relation to crown width, d.b.h., height, age and other tree and stand characteristics. Appropriate regression and correlation analyses were completed for all species and the possible advantages of ratio estimates were noted.Ratios of root spread to crown width were influenced by species, stand density, and kind of soil. Ratios averaged 1.1 for open- and 0.9 for forest-grown Douglas fir but were 2.4 for both open- and forest-grown lodgepole pine on peat or poorly drained soils.

Estimating Weights of Tree Components of Lodgepole Pine from Large-Scale Aerial Photographs

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-194
Author(s):  
A. D. Kiil
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Precise Estimate ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Air Photo ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Fuel Components

Sixty-three lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees were measured on the ground, felled, and their crowns and stems were weighed. The combined independent variables of tree height and crown width gave the most precise estimate of fuel components. No significant differences were found between ground and air photo measurements of total tree height and crown width. Hence, the weight of all branchwood, entire crown, and entire tree can be estimated by the use of large-scale aerial photographs.

Lodgepole pine and white spruce crown fuel weights predicted from height and crown width

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen F. Johnson ◽  
Paul M. Woodard ◽  
Stephen J. Titus
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Allometric Model ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Undisturbed Forest ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Diameter Classes

Equations were developed to predict the ovendry weight of the total crown, live crown, foliage, and the roundwood diameter classes of <0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–3.0, 3.0–5.0, 5.0–7.0, 7.0–10.0 cm for lodgepole pine (n = 27) and white spruce (n = 23) occurring in Alberta, Canada. The nonlinear allometric model using total tree height and a measure of crown width provided high R2 and low SEE values. This precision could not be duplicated when total tree height was used as the only independent variable. Our results suggest the possibility of using tree height and crown width measured from aerial photographs to estimate standing live and dead fuel loadings in undisturbed forest stands.

scholarly journals Generic Additive Allometric Models and Biomass Allocation for Two Natural Oak Species in Northeastern China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Shengwang Meng ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Sheng Hu ◽  
Haibin Wang ◽  
Huimin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Stem Biomass ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Biomass Models ◽  
Mongolian Oak

Current models for oak species could not accurately estimate biomass in northeastern China, since they are usually restricted to Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.) on local sites, and specifically, no biomass models are available for Liaodong oak (Quercuswutaishanica Mayr). The goal of this study was, therefore, to develop generic biomass models for both oak species on a large scale and evaluate the biomass allocation patterns within tree components. A total of 159 sample trees consisting of 120 Mongolian oak and 39 Liaodong oak were harvested and measured for wood (inside bark), bark, branch and foliage biomass. To account for the belowground biomass, 53 root systems were excavated following the aboveground harvest. The share of biomass allocated to different components was assessed by calculating the ratios. An aboveground additive system of biomass models and belowground equations were fitted based on predictors considering diameter (D), tree height (H), crown width (CW) and crown length (CL). Model parameters were estimated by jointly fitting the total and the components’ equations using the weighted nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression method. A leave-one-out cross-validation procedure was used to evaluate the predictive ability. The results revealed that stem biomass accounts for about two-thirds of the aboveground biomass. The ratio of wood biomass holds constant and that of branches increases with increasing D, H, CW and CL, while a reverse trend was found for bark and foliage. The root-to-shoot ratio nonlinearly decreased with D, ranging from 1.06 to 0.11. Tree diameter proved to be a good predictor, especially for root biomass. Tree height is more prominent than crown size for improving stem biomass models, yet it puts negative effects on crown biomass models with non-significant coefficients. Crown width could help improve the fitting results of the branch and foliage biomass models. We conclude that the selected generic biomass models for Mongolian oak and Liaodong oak will vigorously promote the accuracy of biomass estimation.

scholarly journals Largest-Crown-Width Prediction Models for 53 Species in the Western United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Bechtold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Bioclimatic Index ◽  
Minor Improvement

Abstract The mean crown diameters of stand-grown trees 5.0-in. dbh and larger were modeled as a function of stem diameter, live-crown ratio, stand-level basal area, latitude, longitude, elevation, and Hopkins bioclimatic index for 53 tree species in the western United States. Stem diameter was statistically significant in all models, and a quadratic term for stem diameter was required for some species. Crown ratio and/or Hopkins index also improved the models for most species. A term for stand-level basal area was not generally needed but did yield some minor improvement for a few species. Coefficients of variation from the regression solutions ranged from 17 to 33%, and model R2 ranged from 0.15 to 0.85. Simpler models, based solely on stem diameter, are also presented. West. J. Appl. For. 19(4):245–251.

Incidence of main stem infections of lodgepole pine by western gall rust decreases with tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1314-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V Blenis ◽  
Wuhan Li
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Artificial Inoculations

Infection of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) by western gall rust has been shown to decrease with tree height and age, but the effects of those two factors have not been separated. Five replicate artificial inoculations were done on a total of 327 trees of different ages in two height classes. Temperature and percentage of spore germination at the height of inoculation, shoot development (stem elongation at the time of inoculation as a proportion of final shoot elongation), main stem leader length at the time of inoculation, tree height, and tree age were measured. Modeled percentages of infected trees and the number of galls per 10 cm of shoot length decreased by 85% and 88%, respectively, as tree age increased between 2 and 10 years, indicating the undesirability of early, aggressive precommercial thinning of lodgepole pine stands in areas where western gall rust is common. By controlling and (or) statistically accounting for inoculum, microclimate, and phenological factors, it was possible to demonstrate that changes in susceptibility with tree age are sufficient to account for the reduction in infection with tree height.

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