Tree form and taper variation over time for interior lodgepole pine

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1904-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles K. Muhairwe
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Tree Shape ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Over Time

Changes in tree form and taper over time, as affected by changes in tree, stand, and site factors for interior lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) were investigated using detailed stem analysis data from interior British Columbia. It was found that tree shape and taper change along the stem at one time and over time with changes in tree and stand factors, particularly the diameter at breast height to total tree height ratio, crown length, and crown ratio, and with predicted quadratic mean diameter at age 50 years, a stand density measure. At young ages, the trees were parabolic in shape from ground to top. However, as they increased in size over time, different portions of the stem took different shapes because of unequal growth in diameter along the stem. Changes in tree shape and taper over time were closely related to the crown size, which is related to stand density.

Estimation of foliage area in dense Montana lodgepole pine stands

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Hungerford
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Density Range ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pine Stands

Six stands of lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield, in Montana were sampled to evaluate sapwood area (at 1.37 m and the crown base), basal area (at 1.37 m), tree height, and crown length as predictors of foliage area. Densities of the six stands ranged from 2900 to 17 800 stems/ha. This density range was picked to determine how stand density affects the ratio of foliage area to basal sapwood area. Regression estimates of foliage area using basal area and sapwood area at 1.37 m and the crown base were equally good. Within the sampled range of stand densities, differences in the foliage area to sapwood area ratio were not significant. The amount of foliage area served per unit of sapwood area (at 1.37 m) averaged 0.25 m2/cm2 for all 54 trees sampled. This value of foliage area per unit of sapwood area in dense stands was smaller than most other published values.

Western gall rust dynamics and impact in young lodgepole pine stands in west-central Alberta

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1437-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Bella ◽  
S. Navratil
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Life Impact ◽  
The Impact

A sample of 29 405 lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees was assessed from 1982 to 1985, and stem analysis data of 75 trees from five heavily infested second-growth stands in the foothills of the Rockies were analyzed to determine the incidence, development, and impact of western gall rust Endocronartiumharknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka, in relation to age of trees and stand and site factors. The incidence of western gall rust increased with stand age and time. In stands up to 12 years old, the incidence averaged about 5% and increased rapidly to about 20% at age 20. A rapid increase in incidence over time occurred in younger age-classes. In stands 20 years or older, the incidence of new infection was low. Mortality associated with western gall rust among crop trees was low. There was, however, 30% mortality in an unthinned 22-year-old stand over its life. Impact on growth was highly significant (p < 0.01). In the periods 11–15 years and 16–20 years after the wave of heavy infection, reductions in volume growth of infected crop trees were 15 and 25%, respectively. This loss amounts to 15% of the total volume over the 20-year period during which the stands are affected. Western gall rust incidence was higher (p < 0.01) in stands on east-facing slopes than on south- and north-facing slopes. Stands at elevations between 1200 and 1400 m had the highest incidence. Forest management strategies to reduce the impact of western gall rust are discussed, with emphasis on spacing that includes sanitary removal of infected trees.

scholarly journals Maximum Stand-Density Index of 40 Western Hemlock–Sitka Spruce Stands in Southeast Alaska

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Poage ◽  
David D. Marshall ◽  
Michael H. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Species Proportion

Abstract Reineke's (1933) maximum stand-density index (SDImax) was determined for 40 unthinned, fully stocked, even-aged, hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska. A nonlinear model was used to identify objectively the linear portions of the stands' self-thinning trajectories for analysis. The objectives of the present study were (1) to use the modeled slopes and intercepts to determine the mean SDImax of the stands and (2) to identify stand and site factors associated with the variability observed in SDImax. The mean SDImax of the 40 hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska was 619. Individually, none of the stand or site factors examined accounted for >30% of the variability observed in SDImax when all 40 stands were analyzed together. Although the spruce proportion of total stand basal area of most stands increased over time and the hemlock proportion of total stand basal area of most stands decreased over time, SDImax was not related to species proportion or changes in species proportion over time.

scholarly journals Predicting Crown Radius in Eastern White Pine (Pinusstrobus L.) Stands in New Hampshire

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Jordan ◽  
Mark J. Ducey
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Forest Inventories ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Using data from 449 trees on 69 growth-and-yield plots located in southern and central New Hampshire, we developed models of crown radius for stand-grown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in New Hampshire. In addition to dbh, we tested single-tree measurements sometimes collected in forest inventories (such as live crown length and live crown ratio [LCR]), as well as simple variables to compensate for stand density and competitive position of the tree. A model using dbh, stand basal area (BA), and LCR provided the best predictions, but a model using dbh, stand BA, and the ratio of dbh to stand quadratic mean diameter proved nearly as accurate. We compare these equations to previously published equations for white pine.

THE INFLUENCE OF STAND DENSITY ON THE CORRELATION OF STEM DIAMETER WITH CROWN WIDTH AND HEIGHT FOR LODGEPOLE PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Bonnor
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Similar Site

A statistical comparison of eight lodgepole pine plots of different stand density but of similar site and age revealed that stand density did not influence the correlation of stem diameter with crown width and tree height.

The effects of crown ratio on the transition from juvenile to mature wood production in lodgepole pine in western Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1450-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Mansfield ◽  
Roberta Parish ◽  
James W. Goudie ◽  
Kyu-Young Kang ◽  
Peter Ott
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pine Trees

Crown depth, tree spacing, and stand density have major effects on wood quality and fibre characteristics of trees. Lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud.) trees from a mixture of plantation and fire origin stands were employed to determine how crown ratio, a surrogate for stand density, affected mature wood production. In total, 104 trees were sampled, ranging from 24 to 110 years of age, from stands in western Alberta and interior British Columbia, Canada. Samples taken along the bole were measured for wood density, which was subject to segmented regression analysis to identify the transition point from juvenile to mature wood production. On average, the lodgepole pine trees were 31 (±17 SD) years old before mature wood production began. A mixed-effects model, in which combination of fixed effects (tree age, height of the sample disc relative to crown base, and crown length) and random effects (site, trees nested in sites, and discs nested in both trees and sites) proved to be the best predictor of years of mature wood production along the bole. The transition from juvenile to mature wood was shown to be below the crown base in trees <50 years old with deep crowns, and above the crown base otherwise.

Two new height models for volume estimation of lodgepole pine stands

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Zakrzewski ◽  
I. E. Bella
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Volume Estimates

To reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of obtaining individual tree height information required for sample plot volume estimation, two general height–diameter (H/D) regression models were developed using two-stage regression analysis and data from 96 lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) sample plots. The derived models were examined using an independent data set of 28 plots. In addition to diameter at breast height (D), these models also included two easily measurable stand parameters as independent variables: quadratic mean diameter (Dq) and the height of a tree with diameter Dq (Hq). With a practical method to estimate Hq (from up to three heights measured) and using these two new H/D models in conjunction with available regional standard volume equations (V = f (D,H)), the stand volume estimates, on the average, were 0.003% higher (SD 4.1%) for the first model and 1.081% lower (SD 4.6%) for the second model than those obtained using traditional H/D curves for each plot based on 30 or more height measurements. The new models are therefore recommended for use in height estimation of lodgepole pine trees within the range of conditions of the data. This approach may be applied to other species and regions.

Crown shyness in lodgepole pine stands of varying stand height, density, and site index in the upper foothills of Alberta

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2104-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Fish ◽  
Victor J Lieffers ◽  
Uldis Silins ◽  
Ronald J Hall
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Stand Height ◽  
Crown Shyness

Crown shyness is the empty space between crowns in fully stocked stands that is not related to tree-fall gaps. The objectives of this study were to determine the stand and site factors that control crown shyness in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stands and to evaluate whether stands experiencing crown shyness compensate for leaf area losses by maintaining longer crowns. We measured canopy closure (i.e., the inverse of crown shyness), crown radius and length, and green litterfall in stands of various height, relative density, and site index. Canopy closure decreased with stand height and increased with site index and relative density. Green litterfall increased with height and relative density. Crown radius and crown length reached a plateau by 8-10 m height, despite increased spacing between tree boles with increasing stand height. Crown radius increased with height and site index but declined with relative density and slenderness coefficient. Crown length also increased with height and site index but declined with slenderness coefficient. Despite the fact that, in tall stands, where >50% of the sky was not covered by crowns, there was not an accompanying increase in crown length to take advantage of the apparent increase in light transmission to the lower crown.

scholarly journals ORCHARD DESIGN OF SOUR CHERRY IS YIELD RELATED TO LIGHT INTERCEPTION?

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1135a-1135
Author(s):  
J.A. Flore ◽  
D.R. Layne
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Tree Shape ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Horticultural Research

The objective of this experiment was to design orchard systems and tree shapes that optimize production based upon light interception. `Montmoreney' on `Mahaleb' rootstock was established at the Clarksville Horticultural Research Station in 1982. The following factors were investigated: a) tree shape; free form, Δ triangle and • rectangle, b) tree height to clear alleyway width ratios; 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5, and c) tree density 3.0×4.5 m, 3.0×6.0 m. Tree shape was established beginning in the 3rd leaf by summer hedging on an annual basis at the end of stage II of fruit growth. Beginning with the 4th leaf, light interception in each system was estimated by measuring the light interception below the canopy at hourly intervals after full canopy development. In 1989, yields ranged from 14,000 to 22,000 Kg ha-1. Ripening was delayed for rectangle shaped trees, with a height to clear alleyway, width ratio of 1.5, spaced 3.0×4.5 m, likely because hedging reduced leaf to fruit ratios. Within a tree form, yield was linearly related to % light interception, however rectangular trees were more productive than triangle shaped trees. The relevance of this study to orchard design will be discussed.

Incidence of main stem infections of lodgepole pine by western gall rust decreases with tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1314-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V Blenis ◽  
Wuhan Li
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Artificial Inoculations

Infection of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) by western gall rust has been shown to decrease with tree height and age, but the effects of those two factors have not been separated. Five replicate artificial inoculations were done on a total of 327 trees of different ages in two height classes. Temperature and percentage of spore germination at the height of inoculation, shoot development (stem elongation at the time of inoculation as a proportion of final shoot elongation), main stem leader length at the time of inoculation, tree height, and tree age were measured. Modeled percentages of infected trees and the number of galls per 10 cm of shoot length decreased by 85% and 88%, respectively, as tree age increased between 2 and 10 years, indicating the undesirability of early, aggressive precommercial thinning of lodgepole pine stands in areas where western gall rust is common. By controlling and (or) statistically accounting for inoculum, microclimate, and phenological factors, it was possible to demonstrate that changes in susceptibility with tree age are sufficient to account for the reduction in infection with tree height.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document