scholarly journals Estimation of the Effect of Cassava Commercialization on Different Household Income Measurements in Kilifi County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Florence Opondo ◽  
George Owuor ◽  
Patience Mshenga ◽  
Andre Louw ◽  
Daniel Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cassava Crop

The transformation of agricultural production from subsistence to commercially oriented outcomes is a topical matter in the rural and socio-economic development discourse. Cassava crop is being promoted for commercialization because of its tolerance to harsh climatic conditions experienced in arid and semi-arid areas. Furthermore, there is high potential for the tuber crop to improve household income. In Kenya, a number of interventions have been directed towards commercializing cassava. The effect of commercialization on household income has not been established. Distinct from other studies, this study estimated the effect of cassava commercialization on three different income measures namely per capita, annual and per acre revenue. A household survey was conducted in Kilifi County in Kenya where 200 respondents were randomly selected. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A two-stage endogenous switching regression model was fitted to determine the effect of commercialization on the different income measures. The proportion of households that commercialized was 69% while the remaining 31% did not. The study found that majority of the households marketed low value-added cassava products. The results reveal that farmers who engaged in cassava commercialization enjoyed relatively more income than their counterparts. Off-farm income, age of the household head and distance to market had a negative significant influence in all the income estimates. Group membership was only significant for the per acre income while household size was negative and statistically significant in both per acre and per capita incomes. Findings point out the importance of promoting policies that will enhance cassava commercialization.

scholarly journals The Impact of Cooperative Membership on Fish Farm Households’ Income: The Case of Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1059
Author(s):  
Martinson Ankrah Twumasi ◽  
Yuansheng Jiang ◽  
Bismark Addai ◽  
Zhao Ding ◽  
Abbas Ali Chandio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Influence ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Fish Farm ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
The Impact

The emergence of agricultural cooperatives is extensively viewed as a necessary institutional arrangement that can help farmers in developing countries overcome the constraints that impede them from improving sustainable agricultural production and acquiring new marketing opportunities. Therefore, this study examines the determinants of cooperative membership and its impact on fish farm household income, using data collected from two regions in Ghana. An endogenous switching regression (ESR) model is utilized to address the potential sample selection bias issue. The results show that household heads’ decisions to join cooperatives are affected by their access to credit, off-farm work, education level, and peer influence. Cooperative membership can increase both household and farm income by 28.54% and 34.75%, respectively. Moreover, we show that different groups of households’ cooperative impacts on farm and household income are heterogeneous. Our findings highlight the importance of cooperative patronization and provide implications that can improve households’ welfare.

The Economic Impact of Ecotourism on Regional China: Further Evidence from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Qin Sun ◽  
Yapa M. W. Y. Bandara ◽  
Kishor Sharma ◽  
John Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

This article contributes to the literature on the economic impact of ecotourism in regional China with a focus on Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, which attract about 50 per cent of the total number of tourists visiting China annually. Our analysis suggests that tourism significantly contributes to value added, output, income and employment generation in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, although the level of contribution varies between the two provinces. For example, the impact of an additional tourist dollar would be higher in generating employment and household income in Yunnan province, while the same dollar has a higher impact in generating value added in Sichuan. While in both provinces international tourists generate much higher income per capita than their domestic counterparts, in comparison with Sichuan, Yunnan is considered to be better placed for further development of tourism, particularly ecotourism. The promotion of ecotourism in these provinces will also encourage the Chinese youth to stay in their own provinces rather than to migrate to export-processing provinces—a problem that has already created a concern among the Chinese policymakers.

scholarly journals Poverty Human Capital and Economic Development Nexus: A Case Study of Multan Division

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Fatima Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Countries across the world have acknowledged that poverty alleviation has to be of critical importance among the objectives of economic development. This paper sheds light on the Multan division, as one the important division of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The primary data was collected through a household survey during the year 2019.The study concluded that occupation of the household head in the primary sector and household size are significant and positively associated with household poverty. However, human capital of the household is found to be significant and negatively related to household poverty in the Multan division. Economic development or per capita income of the households are found to be significant and positively related with human capital of the households.

Socio-economic and environmental barriers to increased agricultural production: New evidence from central Thailand

2020 ◽  
pp. 003072702096736
Author(s):  
Chidchanok Apipoonyanon ◽  
Sylvia Szabo ◽  
Takuji W Tsusaka ◽  
Kevin Leeson ◽  
Endro Gunawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Female Headed Households

Thailand’s agricultural production has played a major role in enhancing the sustainability of domestic food supplies and successful international exports. However, agricultural production and farm productivity remain relatively low, especially in rapidly ageing high out-migration areas and among small-scale farmers. In this study, we use new household survey data from Prachinburi Province to examine the probability of facing six specific barriers to agricultural production. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a series of logistic regressions to identify the determinants. The results show that age of household head, off-farm income, farm size, and farm type were all associated with the likelihood of different productivity barriers. Gender of household heads was found to be associated with the probability of farm labour shortage, with female-headed households being at a disadvantage. We recommend that policies should be formulated to address these significant factors in order to overcome or circumvent the different barriers and enhance the livelihoods of the local population.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Human Capital in Southern Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-191
Author(s):  
Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Fatima Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
Per Capita

Analyzing the factors affecting human capital at household level increases the productivity of people living in developing countries. A primary data was collected through a household survey to study the factors affecting human capital in Southern Punjab using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression technique. The findings show that the location of the household in rural areas, occupation of the household head in the primary sector, household size, household poverty and female/male ratio shows significant and negatively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. Moreover, per capita income, number of earners in the household, remittances are significant and positively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. The annual budget allocation for education in Pakistan is very low, so Government should allocate a significant amount of funds to the education sector.

scholarly journals The Role of Women in Production and Management of RTB Crops in Rwanda and Burundi: Do Men Decide, and Women Work?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Sikhu Okonya ◽  
Netsayi Noris Mudege ◽  
Anne M. Rietveld ◽  
Anastase Nduwayezu ◽  
Déo Kantungeko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Joint Decision ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Cash Crops

This paper evaluates the determinants of decision-making in relation to the production of four crops (banana, cassava, potato, and sweet potato). Understanding the division of labor and decision-making in crop management may lead to designing better interventions targeted at improving efficiency in smallholder agriculture. In 2014, the research team conducted a quantitative household survey with heads of households involving 261 women and 144 men in Burundi and 184 women and 222 men in Rwanda. Most of the decisions and labor provision during the production of both cash crops (potato and banana) and food crops (sweet potato and cassava) were done jointly by men and women in male-headed households. Higher values for ‘credit access’, ‘land size’, and ‘farming as the main occupation of the household head’ increased the frequency of joint decision-making in male-headed households. A decline in the amount of farm income reduced the participation of men as decision-makers. A reduction in total household income and proximity to the market was correlated with joint decision-making. Gender norms also contributed to the lower participation of women in both decision-making and labor provision in banana and potato cultivation. Although a large proportion of decisions were made jointly, women perceived that men participate more in decision-making processes within the household during the production of cash crops. Increased participation by women in decision-making will require an active and practical strategy which can encourage adjustments to existing traditional gender norms that recognize men as the main decision-makers at both the household and community levels.

Off-farm income and food expenditure of rural households in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1088-1100
Author(s):  
Yuying Liu ◽  
Alan Renwick ◽  
Xinhong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of off-farm income on food expenditure, using survey data of 493 rural households from Gansu, Henan and Shandong provinces in China. Design/methodology/approach A two-stage least squares estimator is used to jointly estimate the determinants of off-farm income and the direct impact of off-farm income on food expenditure while controlling for the endogeneity issue associated with off-farm income variable. Findings The empirical results show that gender, education of household head, household size, farm size, the presence of children, smartphone use and asset ownership mainly determine off-farm income, and the off-farm income affects food expenditure of rural households significantly. In particular, the results show that a 1,000 yuan increase in per capita off-farm income increases per capita food expenditure by 61 yuan. Further estimations reveal that off-farm income has a larger effect on food expenditure of high-income rural households relative to their low-income counterparts. Originality/value Although poverty implications of off-farm income have been well documented, few studies have analysed the effects of off-farm income on food expenditure of rural households. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies on this issue that focus on rural China. Therefore, the present study attempts to provide a first insight into the association between off-farm income and food expenditure of rural households in China, with the aim of providing useful evidence for policymakers in their efforts to reduce rural and urban food consumption gap and further increase social welfare.

scholarly journals Food security status among cocoa growing households in Ondo and Kwara states of Nigeria: A discriminant analysis approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (48) ◽  
pp. 5646-5660
Author(s):  
K. A Oluyole ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cocoa Farmers ◽  
Farming Households

Cocoa, being a cash crop is mostly cultivated among cocoa farmers without giving much consideration to the cultivation of food crops. There is, however, little evidence on the translation of the income from cocoa production into improved food security by cocoa farmers. This study therefore examined the food security status of cocoa farming households in Nigeria. A simple purposive random sampling technique was used to select 100 cocoa farmers from each of Ondo and Kwara states of Nigeria, thus making a total of 200 respondents used for the study. Information was collected from the respondents with the aid of a structured questionnaire and the data obtained from the information were analysed with Descriptive Statistics, Food Security Index, Surplus/Shortfall Index and Discriminant Analysis. The mean age for the households’ head was 53±16.27 years while the mean household size was 7±4.24 persons per household. The mean per capita food consumption was 2063.15±1343.55 kilocalories and the mean monthly farm income was N27,536.50±29161.74. With food security line of N 1,959.00, 44.0 % of the sampled households in the study area were able to meet the recommended calorie intake of 245 0 Kilocalories per capita per day. The food secure households exceeded the calorie requirement by 0.03% while the food insecure households fell short of the recommended calorie intake by 0.02%. An increase in the value of association membership of household head, off -farm income, farming experience of household head and number of meals taken per day (p<0.05) would improve the food security stat us of households and hence would shift the households to food security while an increase in the value of household size and per capita non -food expenditure (p<0.05) would worsen the food security status of households and therefore shift the household to food insecurity. The study recommended that there is a need for an enlightenment programme on birth control and that government can subsidize the price of food items as this will reduce the cost of procuring food items by households thus enabling households to be able to increase the number of meals taken per day. Also, cocoa farming households are encouraged to ensure that income from cocoa is partly used to address food insecurity at household level.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Human Capital in Southern Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Fatima Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
Per Capita

Analyzing the factors affecting human capital at household level increases the productivity of people living in developing countries. A primary data was collected through a household survey to study the factors affecting human capital in Southern Punjab using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression technique. The findings show that the location of the household in rural areas, occupation of the household head in the primary sector, household size, household poverty and female/male ratio shows significant and negatively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. Moreover, per capita income, number of earners in the household, remittances are significant and positively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. The annual budget allocation for education in Pakistan is very low, so Government should allocate a significant amount of funds to the education sector.

scholarly journals The Impact of Internet Use on Income: The Case of Rural Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Siaw ◽  
Yuansheng Jiang ◽  
Martinson Ankrah Twumasi ◽  
Wonder Agbenyo
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Education Access ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
The Impact

This study analyzed the effects of internet use on farm income and household income using survey data from 478 rural farmers from two regions in Ghana. An endogenous switching regression (ESR) model and probit models were employed to achieve the aims of the study. The results revealed that internet use was influenced by off-farm employment, education, access to credit, non-fixed asset (NFA), age, and perception variables. We found that internet use increased farm income and household income by 20.1% and 15.47%, respectively. Regarding heterogeneous impacts, the estimates showed that internet use reduced farm income by 18.12% for farm households that participated in off-farm activities but increased farm income by 14.66% for households that had access to NFA. The estimates also indicated that internet use increased household income by 31.77% for farm households that engaged in off-farm employment and by 15.33% for those that had access to NFA. Furthermore, internet use increased the household income for households that did not engage in off-farm activities by 24.85%. The findings of this study will contribute significantly to the existing literature on information communication technology (ICT) in developing countries by providing a new reference for improving rural development and solving the problem of poverty.

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