Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. V. Deformation Behavior of Vulcanizates Filled with Inorganic Fillers

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Deformation Properties ◽  
Inorganic Fillers ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The most marked difference between carbon black and the fillers of inorganic nature is the difference in effect on the interlinking reactions taking place in the rubber. It is shown that the deformation properties of vulcanizates filled with inorganic substances depend upon the same physical characteristics that describe the behavior of carbon black, if the influence of the difference in chemical activity of the fillers is discounted.

Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. III. Influence of Specific Surface and of Filler Concentration on Deformation Behavior

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-589
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Volume Concentration ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Shore Hardness ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract The deformation behavior of carbon black-filled vulcanizates depends—after elimination of the influence of the differences in chemical activity of the carbon black—on the product of the specific surface P of the carbon black and the nth power of its volume concentration c; for the correlation of the modulus M100, the Shore hardness, and the rebound elasticity the value n=2 was found. This statement holds true for carbon blacks of similar structure levels and of small enough specific surface that one can assume that it will not agglomerate to an appreciable extent.

Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. II. Influence of Crosslink Density on the Mechanical Deformation Properties of Filled Vulcanizates

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-580
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Mechanical Deformation ◽  
Physical Effect ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Deformation Properties ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The mechanical deformation properties as characterized by the modulus at different deformation, hardness and rebound elasticity, were observed in elastomers filled with different carbon-black concentrations referred to the concentration of the effective chains of the rubber network as determined by swelling. The extent of the physical effect of carbon blacks in the elastomers was expressed by the difference between the mechanical deformation values of the filled and unfilled vulcanizates determined at a constant crosslink density.

STUDY ON NANOMORPHOLOGY OF HIGH-STRUCTURE CARBON BLACK AND ITS BOUND RUBBER BY AFM

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250003
Author(s):  
JIAN CHEN ◽  
YONGZHONG JIN ◽  
JINGYU ZHANG ◽  
YAFENG WU ◽  
CHUNCAI MENG
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
High Structure

Bound rubber in carbon black (CB) filled rubber (natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBS)) was prepared by the solvent method. The nanomorphology of CB and rubber/CB soluble rubber was observed by atomic force microscope. The results show that high-structure CB DZ13 has a "grape cluster" structure which consists of many original particles with the grain size of about 30–50 nm. Graphitizing process of CB decreases the amount of bound rubber. The NR/DZ13 soluble rubber with island–rim structure has been obtained, where the islands are DZ13 particles and the rims around the islands are occupied by NR film. But when the graphitized DZ13 particles were used as fillers of rubber, we have only observed that some graphitized DZ13 particles were deposited on the surface of the globular-like NR molecular chains, instead of the spreading of NR molecular chains along the surface of DZ13 particles, indicating that graphitized DZ13 has lower chemical activity than ungraphitized DZ13. Especially, we have already observed an interesting unusual bound rubber phenomenon, the blocked "bracelet" structure with the diameter of about 600 nm in which CB particles were blocked in ring-shaped SBS monomer.

A Carbon Black Structure-Concentration Equivalence Principle. Application to Stress-Strain Relationships of Filled Rubbers

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Deformation Structure ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Dependent Factor

Abstract It is shown that various modulus values of carbon black reinforced rubber are functions of the product of the actual black loading and a structure dependent factor. The structure factor appears to be a linear function of the so-called 24M4 value of the dibutylphthalate absorption and is independent of elongation, temperature, and degree of cross-linking over the ranges covered by the data reported. An interpretation of the results is offered based on the idea of polymer occluded in the interstices of primary structure aggregates and thereby shielded from deformation. Structure-concentration equivalence can only be demonstrated with carbon blacks differing in (primary) structure alone. Deviations are observed whenever the carbon blacks compared vary significantly in specific surface area and surface chemical activity.

The Estimation of Small Percentages of Rubber in Fibrous Materials

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 672-677
Author(s):  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Rubber is being used in increasing quantity in fibrous materials of all types as a binder or to impart particular and special properties. The percentage of rubber employed varies from 3 to 15 or 20 per cent, and it is becoming of interest and importance to, have analytical methods to estimate with some degree of accuracy the percentage present. This estimation has several difficulties, and no one method can be adopted on account of the difference in behavior of various fibres. The fibre may consist of protein, such as silk, wool and other animal fibre, leather, or cellulose, such as jute, cotton, rayon, paper, kapok, etc. The rubber may be vulcanized or unvulcanized, and partly or completely in the oxidized state. In addition, there may be organic material, such as protein, soap (added as stabilizer for the latex), fats, oils, waxes, dyestuffs and inorganic substances from the fibre, fillers and pigments, coagulants, and so forth—to name only a few possible compositions. The problem appears complex, but may be simplified in some cases by knowing, from the process of manufacture, the definite absence or presence of certain of these likely ingredients.

Influence of silica materials on synthesis of elastomer nanocomposites: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 747-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin Najam ◽  
Murid Hussain ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali ◽  
Ibrahim M Maafa ◽  
Parveen Akhter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Thermal Strength ◽  
Silica Surfaces ◽  
Silica Materials ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Inorganic Fillers

At the end of 19th century, the modification of silica has brought revolution in the field of nanocomposites and gained the attention of researchers again by the development of the mesoporous silica class. Silica when used with elastomers provides distinctive characteristics merging the superior properties of inorganic fillers, such as hardness, increased thermal strength, and mechanical stability along with the processability, elasticity, and plasticity of the organic polymers. When carbon black is treated with elastomers instead of silica, it provides greater level of reinforcement because the surface of silica is polar and hydrophilic, but it has greater tendency to adsorb moisture, which affects the ionization of silanol groups. The reason behind switching to silica is adverse effects of carbon black on environment. When silica is added in greater amount, it increases the viscosity of rubbers significantly. The high viscosity causes the processing extra difficult by generating excessive wear and tear over the processing equipment. The increase in viscosity is associated with the strong interaction among the silica particles. It has also been reviewed that the use of silica as filler in elastomers was hindered as far as bifunctional organosilanes were discovered. These are referred to as surface-modifying materials and are initiators for treating silica surfaces to make the filler compatible and friendly to elastomers.

Perceived Orientation of Contour Quadrangles

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naum Yakimoff ◽  
Polina Lolova
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Pair Comparison ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
The Difference

One hundred subjects ranked the apparent tilt of ten quadrangles. A scale of perceived orientation was derived from a pair-comparison treatment of these data. The main characteristic determining estimated orientation of the quadrangles was the axis from which the sum of the squared distances to each point of the figure was minimal (the LS-axis). Judgements were also influenced by the orientation of an ‘axis of balance’, which ran through the centre of gravity and the lowermost apex of the quadrangle. Quadrangles with parallel LS-axes were systematically judged as differently tilted according to the difference in the orientation of their axes of balance. Both the LS-axis and the axis of balance are physical characteristics of an object that are of great importance for the optimal control of human action through vision.

A Comparative Study on Interpretation of Planet from Al-Quran and Astronomy Views

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-239
Author(s):  
Khairussaadah Wahid ◽  
Mohd Saiful Anwar Mohd Nawawi ◽  
Saadan Man
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Modern Astronomy

Abstract The interpretation submitted by the translator of mashaf Quran against the pronouncement of al-kawkab and al-kawakib means ‘star’. Based on the studies from the modern astronomy, both words refer to a planet. The study of the meaning of al-kawkab and al-kawakib is about explaining more appropriate meanings based on the context of Islamic astronomy. The main objective of this study is to identify the meaning of al-kawkab and al-kawakib terms in al-Quran and to analyze the correlation between Quranic commentaries with modern discoveries of planets in the solar system. Methods of comparison between the views of Quranic commentaries and modern astronomy are highlighted with reference based on classical and contemporary tafseers, and modern astronomy literature. The study found that there are four passages that discuss physical characteristics of planets. In addition, the reason that may be adduced to explain appropriate translations for the words al-kawkab and al-kawakib as ‘planet’ is based on the majority of Quranic commentaries and research on the difference in physical nature of planets and stars. In conclusion, the is no difference between Quranic commentaries and modern astronomy related to planets and their features. Thus the pronouncement of al-kawkab and al-kawakib in the Quran refers to a planet, not a star.

Influence of Carbon Black on Storage Stability of HDPE-SBS Modified Asphalt

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 1409-1413
Author(s):  
Xiao Wei Wu ◽  
Dong Wei Cao ◽  
Hai Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
High Density ◽  
Modified Asphalt ◽  
Stable Mechanism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Sbs Modified Asphalt

In order to avoid the phase separation of the high density-polyethylene modified asphalt, a composite material modifier was prepared in the melt blending process with High density-Polyethylene (HDPE) and Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and a filler of Carbon black (CB). The storage stability of composite material (HDPE-SBS) modified asphalt was investigated by hot storage stability test and optical microscopic observation. The storage-stable mechanism of HDPE-SBS modified asphalt was analyzed also. The experimental results indicated that the difference of the softening point after storing at high temperature for 48h was very small. Micrographs of HDPE-SBS modified asphalt demonstrated that HDPE-SBS composite modifier particles dispersed uniformly and compactly and there were no obvious phase separations in the modified asphalt within a certain CB content range.

LCBASE: Program and database for phase identification

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
W. Paszkowicz ◽  
A. Makosa
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Electron Diffraction Data ◽  
Bravais Lattice ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
Solubility Range ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
The Difference

A computer program for phase identification using powder diffraction data is presented. It works with a small database containing the unit-cell dimensions and Bravais lattice for chosen classes of inorganic substances. The algorithm works for single phase samples and such samples in which a single phase dominates. During the search, the peak positions generated using the reference unit cells are compared with the experimental ones. Unit-cell constants of all obtained solutions are (optionally) immediately refined. Application examples show that the method gives as possible solutions those database entries for which the cell dimensions differ from the investigated sample by not more than about 0.05 Å. These entries may include the true phase or isotypical phases unless the imposed chemical constraint does not exclude them. If the sample is a solid solution, then the algorithm is able to find phases of differing chemical composition belonging to the same solubility range (provided that the difference in lattice constants is not too large). One of the examples illustrates the possibility of application for electron-diffraction data.

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