Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. III. Influence of Specific Surface and of Filler Concentration on Deformation Behavior

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-589
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Volume Concentration ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Shore Hardness ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract The deformation behavior of carbon black-filled vulcanizates depends—after elimination of the influence of the differences in chemical activity of the carbon black—on the product of the specific surface P of the carbon black and the nth power of its volume concentration c; for the correlation of the modulus M100, the Shore hardness, and the rebound elasticity the value n=2 was found. This statement holds true for carbon blacks of similar structure levels and of small enough specific surface that one can assume that it will not agglomerate to an appreciable extent.

Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. I. Influence of Fillers on the Degree of Crosslinking of Natural Rubber

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract The relation between the degree of crosslinking determined by means of swelling and the theoretical total contact surface of rubber to carbon black was investigated with vulcanizates of two elastomers which were cured by various vulcanization methods and using various concentrations—even extremely high ones—of carbon blacks with different specific surface, degrees of chain structure and chemical activities. A constant, α, the magnitude of which generally depends upon the degree of agglomeration of the carbon blacks and on the chemical nature of their surface as well as on the polymers used and the vulcanization method, but which is practically unrelated to the filler concentration, has been proposed to express the relative crosslinking activity of carbon blacks.

A Carbon Black Structure-Concentration Equivalence Principle. Application to Stress-Strain Relationships of Filled Rubbers

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Deformation Structure ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Dependent Factor

Abstract It is shown that various modulus values of carbon black reinforced rubber are functions of the product of the actual black loading and a structure dependent factor. The structure factor appears to be a linear function of the so-called 24M4 value of the dibutylphthalate absorption and is independent of elongation, temperature, and degree of cross-linking over the ranges covered by the data reported. An interpretation of the results is offered based on the idea of polymer occluded in the interstices of primary structure aggregates and thereby shielded from deformation. Structure-concentration equivalence can only be demonstrated with carbon blacks differing in (primary) structure alone. Deviations are observed whenever the carbon blacks compared vary significantly in specific surface area and surface chemical activity.

Surface Activity and Chemistry of Thermal Carbon Blacks

2000 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Darmstadt ◽  
N-Z. Cao ◽  
D. M. Pantea ◽  
C. Roy ◽  
L. Sümmchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

Abstract The surface energy of thermal and furnace carbon blacks was determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. In general, the specific surface energy decreases with decreasing carbon black specific surface area. However, there is also an influence of the concentration of impurities during the carbon black production. The surface energy decreases with decreasing concentration of impurities. The carbon black surface and bulk chemistry was studied by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used for characterization of the surface morphology. Thermal grades of carbon black produced from high purity natural gas feedstock do not contain fewer surface functional groups than the other grades. No correlation between the concentration and nature of the oxygen and sulphur surface groups and the carbon black surface energy was found. Instead, a correlation between the surface energy and the polyaromatic character of the carbon black surface exists. Both increased in the order: thermal blacks from high purity natural gas feedstock < thermal black from oil feedstock < furnace blacks. The increase of the surface energy might be related to the formation of active sites which are formed upon removal of non-carbon elements during the carbon black formation. There was no principal difference in the surface morphology of thermal blacks from high purity gas feedstock and other blacks.

Specific Surface Area Measurements on Carbon Black

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Janzen ◽  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Adsorption Of Nitrogen

Abstract Various methods for estimating specific areas of carbon blacks are compared. These include the electron microscope count, methods based on adsorption of nitrogen, iodine and surfactants, and optical reflectance tests.

Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. IV. Influence of Structure and Agglomeration of Carbon Black Particles on Deformation Behavior

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-598
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Polymer System ◽  
Filled Rubber

Abstract The deformation behavior of filled rubber vulcanizates depends on the degree of linkage of the carbon black particles and on their tendency for agglomeration. The significance of these factors is discussed with consideration of the specific surface of the particles, their concentration, the degree of crosslinking, the magnitude of the deformation and the character of the polymer system.

Reactions of Polymers in Bulk. V. Deformation Behavior of Vulcanizates Filled with Inorganic Fillers

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Janacek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Deformation Properties ◽  
Inorganic Fillers ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The most marked difference between carbon black and the fillers of inorganic nature is the difference in effect on the interlinking reactions taking place in the rubber. It is shown that the deformation properties of vulcanizates filled with inorganic substances depend upon the same physical characteristics that describe the behavior of carbon black, if the influence of the difference in chemical activity of the fillers is discounted.

Modulus Determination of Polymer Matrix Composites: Comparison of Nanoindentation and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime C. Grunlan ◽  
David Rowenhorst ◽  
Lorraine F. Francis ◽  
William W. Gerberich
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Volume Concentration ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Pigment Volume Concentration ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical

ABSTRACTThe results of modulus measurements, on carbon black-filled poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), using dynamic mechanical analysis and nanoindentation were compared. It was shown that beyond the critical pigment volume concentration for this composite system (∼ 25 vol% carbon black), the storage modulus, obtained with dynamic mechanical analysis, decreased with increasing filler concentration. This dropping modulus was due to porosity that developed in the composite films when the critical pigment volume concentration had been exceeded. Elastic modulus obtained with nanoindentation showed the opposite trend, with modulus increasing with additional carbon black loading. An analysis of the method used to calculate modulus based upon indentation data was performed and a mechanism was proposed to explain the disparity between the moduli obtained using these two different methods of measurement.

STUDY ON NANOMORPHOLOGY OF HIGH-STRUCTURE CARBON BLACK AND ITS BOUND RUBBER BY AFM

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250003
Author(s):  
JIAN CHEN ◽  
YONGZHONG JIN ◽  
JINGYU ZHANG ◽  
YAFENG WU ◽  
CHUNCAI MENG
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
High Structure

Bound rubber in carbon black (CB) filled rubber (natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBS)) was prepared by the solvent method. The nanomorphology of CB and rubber/CB soluble rubber was observed by atomic force microscope. The results show that high-structure CB DZ13 has a "grape cluster" structure which consists of many original particles with the grain size of about 30–50 nm. Graphitizing process of CB decreases the amount of bound rubber. The NR/DZ13 soluble rubber with island–rim structure has been obtained, where the islands are DZ13 particles and the rims around the islands are occupied by NR film. But when the graphitized DZ13 particles were used as fillers of rubber, we have only observed that some graphitized DZ13 particles were deposited on the surface of the globular-like NR molecular chains, instead of the spreading of NR molecular chains along the surface of DZ13 particles, indicating that graphitized DZ13 has lower chemical activity than ungraphitized DZ13. Especially, we have already observed an interesting unusual bound rubber phenomenon, the blocked "bracelet" structure with the diameter of about 600 nm in which CB particles were blocked in ring-shaped SBS monomer.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

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