Perceived Orientation of Contour Quadrangles

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naum Yakimoff ◽  
Polina Lolova
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Pair Comparison ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
The Difference

One hundred subjects ranked the apparent tilt of ten quadrangles. A scale of perceived orientation was derived from a pair-comparison treatment of these data. The main characteristic determining estimated orientation of the quadrangles was the axis from which the sum of the squared distances to each point of the figure was minimal (the LS-axis). Judgements were also influenced by the orientation of an ‘axis of balance’, which ran through the centre of gravity and the lowermost apex of the quadrangle. Quadrangles with parallel LS-axes were systematically judged as differently tilted according to the difference in the orientation of their axes of balance. Both the LS-axis and the axis of balance are physical characteristics of an object that are of great importance for the optimal control of human action through vision.

Battles of Ideas Between the Legal and the Legitimate

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Paula Castro ◽  
Sonia Brondi ◽  
Alberta Contarello
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Many

This chapter discusses how social psychology can offer theoretical contributions for a better understanding of the relations between the institutional and public spheres and how this may impact change in ecological matters. First, it introduces the difference between natural and agreed—or chosen—limits to human action and draws on Sophocles’s Antigone to illustrate this and discuss how legitimacy has roots in the many heterogeneous values of the public sphere/consensual universe, while legality arises from the institutional/reified sphere. Recalling some empirical research in the area of social studies of sustainability, it then shows how a social representations perspective can help us understand the dynamic and interdependent relations between the institutional or reified sphere and the consensual or common sense universe—and their implications for social change and continuity.

scholarly journals The Optimal Control of Government Stabilization Funds

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1975
Author(s):  
Abel Cadenillas ◽  
Ricardo Huamán-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Fund Manager ◽  
Running Cost ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

We study the optimal control of a government stabilization fund, which is a mechanism to save money during good economic times to be used in bad economic times. The objective of the fund manager is to keep the fund as close as possible to a predetermined target. Accordingly, we consider a running cost associated with the difference between the actual fiscal fund and the fund target. The fund manager exerts control over the fund by making deposits in or withdrawals from the fund. The withdrawals are used to pay public debt or to finance government programs. We obtain, for the first time in the literature, the optimal band for the government stabilization fund. Our results are of interest to practitioners. For instance, we find that the higher the volatility, the larger the size of the optimal band. In particular, each country and state should have its own optimal fund band, in contrast to the “one-size-fits-all” approach that is often used in practice.

A Comparative Study on Interpretation of Planet from Al-Quran and Astronomy Views

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-239
Author(s):  
Khairussaadah Wahid ◽  
Mohd Saiful Anwar Mohd Nawawi ◽  
Saadan Man
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Modern Astronomy

Abstract The interpretation submitted by the translator of mashaf Quran against the pronouncement of al-kawkab and al-kawakib means ‘star’. Based on the studies from the modern astronomy, both words refer to a planet. The study of the meaning of al-kawkab and al-kawakib is about explaining more appropriate meanings based on the context of Islamic astronomy. The main objective of this study is to identify the meaning of al-kawkab and al-kawakib terms in al-Quran and to analyze the correlation between Quranic commentaries with modern discoveries of planets in the solar system. Methods of comparison between the views of Quranic commentaries and modern astronomy are highlighted with reference based on classical and contemporary tafseers, and modern astronomy literature. The study found that there are four passages that discuss physical characteristics of planets. In addition, the reason that may be adduced to explain appropriate translations for the words al-kawkab and al-kawakib as ‘planet’ is based on the majority of Quranic commentaries and research on the difference in physical nature of planets and stars. In conclusion, the is no difference between Quranic commentaries and modern astronomy related to planets and their features. Thus the pronouncement of al-kawkab and al-kawakib in the Quran refers to a planet, not a star.

scholarly journals An investigation of a high-speed ground manoeuvre under optimal control

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (12) ◽  
pp. 4363-4379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zexin Huang ◽  
Matthew Best ◽  
James Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Control Sequence ◽  
Tyre Model ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Function Combination ◽  
Simulation Time ◽  
Tyre Wear

This paper studies the behaviour of a nonlinear aircraft model under optimal control for aircraft ground manoeuvres, specifically for high-speed runway exits. The aircraft's behaviour on the ground is captured by a fully parameterised 6-DOF nonlinear model, which is developed in this work to model the effects of braking through a combined slip tyre model. A pre-defined cost function is minimised using a generalised optimal control algorithm to obtain an optimal control sequence for a particular manoeuvre-cost function combination. In this paper, three scenarios are investigated for a 45-degree high-speed runway exit: the first control sequence minimises the distance between the aircraft's centre of gravity and the runway centreline; the second maximises the distance travelled by the aircraft during the 20 s of simulation time; the third minimises tyre wear. For each scenario, the generalised optimal control algorithm provides the best possible control inputs. The dynamic response of the aircraft throughout the turn is shown to be dominated by its inertia, which suggests that future controllers will need to begin executing a turn far in advance of entering the corner. The results also provide a benchmark against which the effectiveness of future real-time controllers may be judged.

In Search of a Methodological Foundation for Applied Ethics

1998 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Louis Logister
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Methodological Foundation ◽  
Transcendental Method ◽  
The Difference

The problems that face contemporary applied ethics are indissolubly related to some characteristics of postmodern civil society. In this paper I will try to take a stand in the discussion between a proponent of a particularistic approach and one who favors a universalistic approach to the present difficulties that accompany human action. Karl-Otto Apel combines in his ethics of discourse a focus upon universal and normative structures of communication with a Kantian transcendental method of thought. Paul van Tongeren follows Aristotle and Nietzsche in arguing that the local and historically determined contingent traditions are the basis on which to approach our ethical questions. After giving a brief presentation of their respective contributions to the discussion, I shall end with some reflections on the difference between, and the merits and demerits of, a universalistic and a particularistic ethics.

scholarly journals III. On the uneliminated instrumental error in the observations of magnetic dip

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 427-429
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Single Reading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Complete Observation

A single reading of one end of a dipping-needle placed in a dip-circle provided with microscopes for observing is liable to a variety of instrumental errors, which are eliminated by taking the mean of the sixteen readings of the two ends in the eight different positions included in a complete observation. Nevertheless it is found that with the best modern instruments a mean value results from these sixteen observations different for each different needle, and that the difference between the results obtained with two different needles is not the same at all times. The irregularities in the values of the dip observed at Bombay with two needles of excellent character made by Barrow of London, led the author to investigate the effect of a hypothetical irregularity in the shape of the axle of the needle, such that a section of the axle by a plane perpendicular to its axis would be elliptical instead of circular in form. Another source of error, which was brought to the notice of the Royal Society many years ago in a paper published in the Proceedings, is the displacement of the centre of gravity of the needle from the centre of the axle, combined with inequality in the magnetization of the needle when the poles are direct and reversed. Experience has led the author to the conclusion that the usual method of magnetization, by a definite number of passes of the same pair of bar-magnets, communicates magnetism to the needle very unequally when the one end of the needle is made north and when the other end is made north. Consequently it is advisable to investigate the effects of ellipticity of the axle and of displacement of the centre of gravity at the same time, which the author proceeds to do.

A quasi steady state approach to race car lap simulation in order to understand the effects of racing line and centre of gravity location

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
D L Brayshaw ◽  
M F Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Interim Result ◽  
Quasi Steady State ◽  
Race Car ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Optimal Control Method ◽  
Optimal Line ◽  
Set Up

Using an established seven-degree-of-freedom (7DOF) model of an open wheel race car, a new quasi steady state lap simulation method is described. The method is based on optimal control techniques. It produces a GG speed diagram as an interim result, and is shown to have a low computational expenditure when compared with the current transient optimal control method. This paper shows a validation step, reports a case study using the new method, and compares the result with a transient optimal control method. The sensitivity of the optimal line for simulation studies is discussed in terms of a centre of gravity location change. Both simulation methods show improvements in lap time owing to a 6 per cent centre of gravity set-up change. The difference in optimal lines caused by a 6 per cent CG change rearward is shown to be so small that a driver is unlikely to find the information useful. In light of this observation, the computational effort required to generate a new optimal line for each set-up change may be misspent

Kant, Garve, and the Motives of Moral Action

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Moral Motivation ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Moral Action ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Physical Explanation ◽  
Natural Religion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Kantian Morality ◽  
De Officiis

AbstractKant's comments `against Garve' constitute his reaction to the latter's remarks on Cicero's De Officiis . Two related criticisms of Kant's against Garve are discussed in brief in this paper. A closer look is then taken at Garve's claim that `Kantian morality destroys all incentives that can move human beings to act at all'. I argue that Kant and Garve rely on two different models of human action for their analyses of moral motivation; these models differ in what each takes to be salient for the explanation of human action. I show that Samuel Clarke's analogy of physical explanation in the framework of Newtonianism (in his Discourse concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion ) usefully illuminates the difference between Kant and Garve in these respects.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Its Correlation with Team Performance, Player Position and Physical Characteristics in the Soccer Premium League of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hooman Angoorani ◽  
Afsaneh Basharkhah ◽  
Ali Mazaherinezhad ◽  
Ahmad Nazari
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Player Positions

Background: This study is one of the first to specifically analyze cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with age, weight, height, body fat percentage (BFP), body mass index (BMI), team performance, and player position for a large number of soccer players in an Asian top league. Methods: 213 players (age = 25 ± 5 years, height = 181.2 ± 6.8 cm, weight = 76.1 ± 8.1 kg, BFP = 11.3 ± 3.1) affiliated with 16 soccer clubs from Iran’s Premier League (i.e., the highest level of club football in Iran), were tested for maximal aerobic power (VO2 max), first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), and ventilatory efficiency at rest (VO2 rest). The nonparametric Spearman's correlation test was performed to check for correlations, and the resulting rank correlation coefficients (rs) and probability value (P) are presented. Results: In terms of mean ± standard deviation, the 213 male players participating in this study have VO2max = 55.3 ± 5.4 mL.kg-1.min-1, VT1 = 57.3 ± 4.2 (% max), VT2 = 92.6 ± 3.4 (% max) and VO2rest = 7.1 ± 1.4 mL.kg-1.min-1. No correlation between VO2max and team performance or BFP was observed. The correlations between VO2max and age (rs= -0.23, P = 10-3), height (rs = -0.34, P ≅ 0), weight (rs = -0.42, P ≅ 0) and BMI (rs = -0.30, P = 10-5) were considered statistically significant. The difference between VO2max of players in different positions was also statistically significant. Goalkeepers possessed the lowest VO2max, with a mean value of 49.8 mL.kg-1.min-1. Defenders had the lowest mean VO2max value players (equal to 54.7 mL.kg-1.min-1) amongst outfield, and midfielders had the highest mean VO2max (= 56.9 mL.kg-1.min-1). The other indices of cardiorespiratory fitness (VT1, VT2 and VO2rest) had no statistically significant correlation with the physical characteristics of the soccer players, team performance and player position. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that VT1, VT2, and VO2rest are not distinguishing factors amongst different categories of age, weight, height, team performance, and player position, but VO2max varies with age, weight, height, and BMI. The study also showed that there is a high correlation between the physical demands of player positions during a game and the aerobic capacity of players in those positions, and this must be taken into account in soccer training.

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