PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

APPARENT DENSITIES AND INTERNAL SURFACE AREAS OF SELECTED CARBON BLACKS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Walker Jr. ◽  
W. V. Kotlensky
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Roughness Factor ◽  
Internal Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

It is shown that the open pore volume within carbon blacks can be calculated from nitrogen adsorption isotherms (77°K) on the blacks. From this volume and a helium density, the apparent density of a black can be calculated. Other properties of the blacks which then can be calculated are free surface area, internal surface area, surface roughness factor, and the average pore diameter of the internal surface. These data are presented for five selected carbon blacks.

Carbon Black Surface Areas by the Harkins and Jura Absolute Method

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kraus ◽  
K. W. Rollmann
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Absolute Method ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
Light Reflectance ◽  
Adsorption Surface

Abstract The Harkins and Jura (HJ) absolute method of surface area determination (Harkins and Jura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 919, 1944) has been applied to a large number of carbon blacks. Surface area is calculated from the heat of immersion of the solid powder covered by a preadsorbed multilayer of the immersion liquid. For non-porous carbon blacks good agreement with nitrogen adsorption surface areas is obtained, but with porous blacks the HJ method gives smaller values since micropores are filled and bridged over by the pre-adsorbed film. Thus the HJ areas are more nearly representative of particle size and may be used to calibrate indirect methods of particle size determination. An example of this is shown using light reflectance values on dry carbon black and possible complications due to particle size distribution in the use of the reflectance test are discussed.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: IV. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF ZINC OXIDE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE POWDERS

1949 ◽  
Vol 27a (6) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Fine Powders ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Permeability Studies

The use of the modified Kozeny equation for the measurement of the specific surfaces of fine powders has been extended to include a number of standard zinc oxides and a sample of potassium chloride. The specific surfaces of the zinc oxides had been measured by 10 other methods, and the data are included for comparison. Comparative low temperature adsorption data for the potassium chloride are also given. Satisfactory agreement with other methods was found.

Specific Surface Area Measurements on Carbon Black

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Janzen ◽  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Adsorption Of Nitrogen

Abstract Various methods for estimating specific areas of carbon blacks are compared. These include the electron microscope count, methods based on adsorption of nitrogen, iodine and surfactants, and optical reflectance tests.

Evaluation of the External Surface Area of Carbon Black by Nitrogen Adsorption

1995 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Production Control ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
External Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Grade Classification ◽  
Ctab Method

Abstract Specific surface area is an important property for carbon black grade classification, production control, and prediction of rubber reinforcement characteristics. Total surface area alone is insufficient for estimating the reinforcing properties of a microporous carbon black because the internal area of the micropores is inaccessible to rubber molecules. The CTAB surface area test, based on adsorption of a molecule too large to enter the micropore, measures the surface area available to rubber. Although widely used, the CTAB method has failed to gain wide popularity due to its labor-intensive nature and poor testing precision. In the present paper, the extent of microporosity on the surface of carbon blacks is investigated. The external surface area derived from the nitrogen adsorption characteristics is compared to CTAB surface area for a number of standard rubber carbon blacks. This study reports the optimum testing conditions to achieve precise external surface area measurements and the ability of this method to overcome the disadvantages of the CTAB method. Other advantages of this technique are discussed.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: II. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF INORGANIC PIGMENT POWDERS

1947 ◽  
Vol 25a (4) ◽  
pp. 191-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Inorganic Pigments ◽  
Inorganic Pigment ◽  
Permeability Studies

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surface of inorganic pigments having particle diameters of the order of 0.1 to 0.2 µ to within ±10%. These powders were too fine for visual microscope counting or standard sedimentation methods of specific surface measurement. The results obtained from experimental data were checked against those calculated from electron microscope counting for two of the powders studied and found to be in satisfactory agreement.

scholarly journals SBR and BR Tread Performance as a Function of Carbon Black Properties

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1271-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Micek ◽  
F. Lyon ◽  
W. M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Grade Classification ◽  
Good Classification

Abstract All commercial tread grade carbon blacks, may be classified on the basis of electron microscope surface area and oil absorption. Similar industry wide grade classification on the basis of iodine number, tinting strength and oil absorption is considerably less reliable. However, among the blacks of individual carbon black suppliers, reasonably good classification of the tread grades is possible on the basis of these latter three carbon properties.

THE ADSORPTION OF SODIUM MYRISTATE BY CARBON BLACK

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (11) ◽  
pp. 426-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Reade ◽  
A. S. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Preferential Adsorption

The adsorption of sodium myristate from 0.1% aqueous solution by a series of carbon blacks and an activated charcoal has been measured at 70 °C. In every case a preferential adsorption of fatty acid was observed. The extent of adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soap increased with decreasing particle size, i.e., with increasing surface area, of the carbons. The adsorption by activated charcoal was considerably higher than that obtained with even the finest of the carbon blacks.

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