scholarly journals SBR and BR Tread Performance as a Function of Carbon Black Properties

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1271-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Micek ◽  
F. Lyon ◽  
W. M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Grade Classification ◽  
Good Classification

Abstract All commercial tread grade carbon blacks, may be classified on the basis of electron microscope surface area and oil absorption. Similar industry wide grade classification on the basis of iodine number, tinting strength and oil absorption is considerably less reliable. However, among the blacks of individual carbon black suppliers, reasonably good classification of the tread grades is possible on the basis of these latter three carbon properties.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

Specific Surface Area Measurements on Carbon Black

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Janzen ◽  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Adsorption Of Nitrogen

Abstract Various methods for estimating specific areas of carbon blacks are compared. These include the electron microscope count, methods based on adsorption of nitrogen, iodine and surfactants, and optical reflectance tests.

Evaluation of the External Surface Area of Carbon Black by Nitrogen Adsorption

1995 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Production Control ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
External Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Grade Classification ◽  
Ctab Method

Abstract Specific surface area is an important property for carbon black grade classification, production control, and prediction of rubber reinforcement characteristics. Total surface area alone is insufficient for estimating the reinforcing properties of a microporous carbon black because the internal area of the micropores is inaccessible to rubber molecules. The CTAB surface area test, based on adsorption of a molecule too large to enter the micropore, measures the surface area available to rubber. Although widely used, the CTAB method has failed to gain wide popularity due to its labor-intensive nature and poor testing precision. In the present paper, the extent of microporosity on the surface of carbon blacks is investigated. The external surface area derived from the nitrogen adsorption characteristics is compared to CTAB surface area for a number of standard rubber carbon blacks. This study reports the optimum testing conditions to achieve precise external surface area measurements and the ability of this method to overcome the disadvantages of the CTAB method. Other advantages of this technique are discussed.

THE ADSORPTION OF SODIUM MYRISTATE BY CARBON BLACK

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (11) ◽  
pp. 426-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Reade ◽  
A. S. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Preferential Adsorption

The adsorption of sodium myristate from 0.1% aqueous solution by a series of carbon blacks and an activated charcoal has been measured at 70 °C. In every case a preferential adsorption of fatty acid was observed. The extent of adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soap increased with decreasing particle size, i.e., with increasing surface area, of the carbons. The adsorption by activated charcoal was considerably higher than that obtained with even the finest of the carbon blacks.

Properties of CB/Rubber Composites Filled by Carbon Black Used as Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Decomposition

2007 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Shuang Ye Dai ◽  
Ge You Ao ◽  
Myung Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Decomposition Reaction ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Carbon Deposits ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Low Weight

Carbon blacks were used as catalysts for hydrogen production through hydrocarbon decomposition. The aim of this work is to find suitable conditions for decomposition reaction to cut down the net cost of hydrogen production. Carbon blacks after hydrocarbon decomposition under different operation conditions were mixed with NBR rubber. The surface area of carbon black increased with low weight gain in methane decomposition caused by carbon deposits on the surface of carbon black aggregates, and the decrease of surface area with further weight gain might be due to the carbon deposits adhering to each other and forming bigger aggregates. The same results were gotten from decomposition of mixture gas of methane and propane. The surface area of carbon black always decreased with the development of propane decomposition reaction. With the same carbon black loading, the composites filled by carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions showed higher tensile strength than those mixed with raw carbon blacks, but there were no significant differences in 300% modulus. With the increase of carbon blacks loading in all composites, 300% modulus and tensile strength always increased. The surface resistivity of composites showed that it was much easier for carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions to dissipate well in the in rubber system.

A Quantitative Study of the Carbon Black Reinforcement System for Tire Tread Compounds

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Veith ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Reinforcement System ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract This comprehensive program clearly shows the influence of the four defined reinforcement system variables. The tread wear testing conducted over an extremely wide severity range illustrates how the influence of each variable or factor changes as the tire use of test severity is changed. The quantitative influence of the four variables is best illustrated by the index severity gradient, while the index range serves as a quick indicator. The influence of each factor of the reinforcement system increases as general test severity is increased. Carbon blacks with high structure and surface area are substantially superior to blacks with normal structure and surface area at the higher test severities. At the higher general severities, increased oil content produces higher wear rates. At any given severity level, the rate of wear passes through a minimum as carbon black level is increased. The carbon black content at this minimum wear rate shifts to higher values as general severity is raised. Test results at a series of specific cornering force levels (0.10–0.30 g range) indicate that the relative wear of typical tread compounds demonstrates crossovers of index values. Compounds that show superior wear resistance compared to a reference compound at high cornering severities often show inferior wear resistance at low cornering severities. Therefore, for maximum tread life or wear resistance, the reinforcement system with any tread rubber or rubber blend must be carefully adjusted to the anticipated level of tire use severity. The introduction of improved-technology carbon blacks with increased rubber-black interaction that is promoted by high DBP and EMA levels is a substantial advancement in rubber materials science and is most important for the production of high-performance long-treadlife tires.

Carbon Black Surface Areas by the Harkins and Jura Absolute Method

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kraus ◽  
K. W. Rollmann
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Absolute Method ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
Light Reflectance ◽  
Adsorption Surface

Abstract The Harkins and Jura (HJ) absolute method of surface area determination (Harkins and Jura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 919, 1944) has been applied to a large number of carbon blacks. Surface area is calculated from the heat of immersion of the solid powder covered by a preadsorbed multilayer of the immersion liquid. For non-porous carbon blacks good agreement with nitrogen adsorption surface areas is obtained, but with porous blacks the HJ method gives smaller values since micropores are filled and bridged over by the pre-adsorbed film. Thus the HJ areas are more nearly representative of particle size and may be used to calibrate indirect methods of particle size determination. An example of this is shown using light reflectance values on dry carbon black and possible complications due to particle size distribution in the use of the reflectance test are discussed.

The Difference between Iodine Number and Nitrogen Surface Area Determinations for Carbon Blacks

2006 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Donnet ◽  
A. Santini ◽  
D. Maafa ◽  
H. Balard ◽  
F. Padella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Analytical Relationship ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Elementary Analysis ◽  
Disordered Carbon ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The iodine number furnishes surface area values in disagreement with the NSA technique in the case of disordered carbon i.e., lower than NSA in case of high oxygen content (more than 2%), but higher for low oxygen content (less than 1%). Because carbon blacks are solids which exhibit graphitic structure, some milled graphite samples, were taken as model materials and analyzed. Surface area was determined by using both NSA and N≩I2 techniques, and the difference between the results given by the two techniques were observed and related to the microstructure, which was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and the oxygen content was measured by using elementary analysis. Two different models of iodine adsorption have been proposed, respectively, for the graphitic parts of the graphite grains and for the disordered part of the grains. An analytical relationship between the differences of iodine and nitrogen surface area values, microstructure and oxygen content was proposed and successfully tested. The same relationship was applied to some commercial and experimental carbon black with good results.

Filler—Elastomer Interactions. Part III. Carbon-Black-Surface Energies and Interactions with Elastomer Analogs

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Siegfried Wolff ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Donnet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Particle Interaction ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Dispersive Component ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Energies ◽  
Very High

Abstract The surface energies, both the dispersive component, γsd, and the specific component, γssp, of dry- and wet-pelletized carbon blacks, ranging from N110 to N990, were evaluated by inverse gas-solid chromatography at infinite dilution. The results indicate that the dispersive components of the surface energy of carbon blacks increase with increasing surface area. This dependence may essentially reflect an effect of microstructure on the surface energies, which can be confirmed by the relationship between the crystallographic parameters of crystallites and the graphitization of the carbon blacks. It was found that smaller crystallites characterized by a lower value of Lc lead to higher surface energy, whereas graphitization of the carbon black points toward lower surface energy, perhaps resulting from the growth of the quasi-graphite structure. Surface area dependence of the specific component of the surface energy characterized by the specific energy of adsorption of a polar probe follows the same pattern as was observed for the dispersive component, i.e., γsd increases with surface area. This is believed to be related to the crystallographic structure and the surface chemistry. Studies on adsorption energies of the low-molecular-weight analogs of elastomers generally show that the interactions between carbon blacks and rubbers depend not only on filler surface energies but also on the structure of the elastomers. Due to their polar functional groups, NBR and SBR show a stronger interaction with blacks than unsaturated rubbers. Among the rubbers simulated, IIR would have the lowest interaction with the filler. A comparison of the surface energies of carbon blacks and silicas points toward a very high γsd, for blacks which may show strong interaction with nonpolar- or low-polar polymers, while the very high Sf value of the silicas, especially precipitated silicas, a measure of the relative polarity of their surface, is considered to be representative of strong particle-particle interaction, leading to the formation of a filler network.

Another Look at S-Type Carbon Blacks

1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
J. R. Haws ◽  
W. T. Cooper ◽  
E. F. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Good Adhesion ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oxidized Carbon

Abstract Oxidized carbon blacks impart unique properties to rubber compounds. The most interesting aspects include modified curing characteristics, good resistance to tear, and the potential to promote good adhesion of rubber compounds to brass-plated metal. When these improvements are considered in conjunction with the wide range of surface area and structure available in carbon black, it is evident that oxidized furnace blacks provide combinations of properties not previously available.

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