A Quantitative Study of the Carbon Black Reinforcement System for Tire Tread Compounds

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Veith ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Reinforcement System ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract This comprehensive program clearly shows the influence of the four defined reinforcement system variables. The tread wear testing conducted over an extremely wide severity range illustrates how the influence of each variable or factor changes as the tire use of test severity is changed. The quantitative influence of the four variables is best illustrated by the index severity gradient, while the index range serves as a quick indicator. The influence of each factor of the reinforcement system increases as general test severity is increased. Carbon blacks with high structure and surface area are substantially superior to blacks with normal structure and surface area at the higher test severities. At the higher general severities, increased oil content produces higher wear rates. At any given severity level, the rate of wear passes through a minimum as carbon black level is increased. The carbon black content at this minimum wear rate shifts to higher values as general severity is raised. Test results at a series of specific cornering force levels (0.10–0.30 g range) indicate that the relative wear of typical tread compounds demonstrates crossovers of index values. Compounds that show superior wear resistance compared to a reference compound at high cornering severities often show inferior wear resistance at low cornering severities. Therefore, for maximum tread life or wear resistance, the reinforcement system with any tread rubber or rubber blend must be carefully adjusted to the anticipated level of tire use severity. The introduction of improved-technology carbon blacks with increased rubber-black interaction that is promoted by high DBP and EMA levels is a substantial advancement in rubber materials science and is most important for the production of high-performance long-treadlife tires.

Effects of Carbon Black Types on Treadwear of Radial and Bias Tires at Variable Test Severities

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Wilder ◽  
J. R. Haws ◽  
W. T. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Good Dispersion ◽  
High Structure

Abstract Trends observed in testing various types of carbon blacks in radial tires follow those observed in bias tires with some differences, as noted in the following statements. There is less advantage for the use of high structure blacks in radial tires than found in bias tires. The improvement of wear resistance with blacks of increased surface area in radial tires is equal to or greater than that found in bias tires. Good dispersion of carbon black is important for good treadwear in all tires, but adverse effects of poor dispersion appear reduced in radial tires.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

THE ADSORPTION OF SODIUM MYRISTATE BY CARBON BLACK

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (11) ◽  
pp. 426-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Reade ◽  
A. S. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Preferential Adsorption

The adsorption of sodium myristate from 0.1% aqueous solution by a series of carbon blacks and an activated charcoal has been measured at 70 °C. In every case a preferential adsorption of fatty acid was observed. The extent of adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soap increased with decreasing particle size, i.e., with increasing surface area, of the carbons. The adsorption by activated charcoal was considerably higher than that obtained with even the finest of the carbon blacks.

Properties of CB/Rubber Composites Filled by Carbon Black Used as Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Decomposition

2007 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Shuang Ye Dai ◽  
Ge You Ao ◽  
Myung Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Decomposition Reaction ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Carbon Deposits ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Low Weight

Carbon blacks were used as catalysts for hydrogen production through hydrocarbon decomposition. The aim of this work is to find suitable conditions for decomposition reaction to cut down the net cost of hydrogen production. Carbon blacks after hydrocarbon decomposition under different operation conditions were mixed with NBR rubber. The surface area of carbon black increased with low weight gain in methane decomposition caused by carbon deposits on the surface of carbon black aggregates, and the decrease of surface area with further weight gain might be due to the carbon deposits adhering to each other and forming bigger aggregates. The same results were gotten from decomposition of mixture gas of methane and propane. The surface area of carbon black always decreased with the development of propane decomposition reaction. With the same carbon black loading, the composites filled by carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions showed higher tensile strength than those mixed with raw carbon blacks, but there were no significant differences in 300% modulus. With the increase of carbon blacks loading in all composites, 300% modulus and tensile strength always increased. The surface resistivity of composites showed that it was much easier for carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions to dissipate well in the in rubber system.

Carbon Black Surface Areas by the Harkins and Jura Absolute Method

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kraus ◽  
K. W. Rollmann
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Absolute Method ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
Light Reflectance ◽  
Adsorption Surface

Abstract The Harkins and Jura (HJ) absolute method of surface area determination (Harkins and Jura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 919, 1944) has been applied to a large number of carbon blacks. Surface area is calculated from the heat of immersion of the solid powder covered by a preadsorbed multilayer of the immersion liquid. For non-porous carbon blacks good agreement with nitrogen adsorption surface areas is obtained, but with porous blacks the HJ method gives smaller values since micropores are filled and bridged over by the pre-adsorbed film. Thus the HJ areas are more nearly representative of particle size and may be used to calibrate indirect methods of particle size determination. An example of this is shown using light reflectance values on dry carbon black and possible complications due to particle size distribution in the use of the reflectance test are discussed.

Characterization of Carbon Black Structure by Mercury Penetration

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Moscou ◽  
S. Lub ◽  
O. K. F. Bussemaker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Mercury Porosimetry ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Break Point ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Structure Index ◽  
High Structure

Abstract The determination of the chain-structure of carbon black by mercury porosimetry is described. It is shown that each type of black has its own porosity curve, depending on specific surface area and degree of structure. An absolute measure for the degree of structure is proposed: The “Structure Index”, calculated from the break point in the porosity curve, the specific surface area and the density of the black. Structure Index for structureless blacks is 1.0 – 1.1, for low structure blacks 1.7 – 1.9, for normal structure blacks 2.3 – 2.4 and for high structure blacks 2.7 – 2.8.

Specific Surface Area Measurements on Carbon Black

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Janzen ◽  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Adsorption Of Nitrogen

Abstract Various methods for estimating specific areas of carbon blacks are compared. These include the electron microscope count, methods based on adsorption of nitrogen, iodine and surfactants, and optical reflectance tests.

Performance of SBR and BR Tread Compounds as a Function of Carbon Black Dispersion, Surface Chemistry, and Structure

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 700-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Scott ◽  
V. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Dispersion Surface ◽  
High Level ◽  
Oxygen Functionality ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract A study has been made of the effect of carbon black dispersion, oxygen volatile, and extremes in chain structure development on vulcanizate properties and treadwear. The effect of poorly dispersed carbon black is to reduce wear resistance, tensile strength, strain energy, and groove cracking resistance. Other vulcanizate properties are not as noticeably affected. The role of oxygen functionality in reinforcement was investigated in a series of oxidation and devolatilization experiments. Added oxygen functionality of a critical amount reduces modulus, strain energy and treadwear resistance. Attempts to raise these properties through added acceleration results in greatly reduced treadwear. Carbon black-elastomer adhesion is indicated once again as the sine qua non of wear resistance. Carbon blacks possessing an unusually high level of reticulate chain structure require a lower level of chemical crosslinking than carbons of normal structure level for maximum treadwear resistance. This finding is consistent with a reinforcement theory involving stress dissipation by transfer to the carbon-elastomer interface, where relief occurs by slippage over the friction surface.

Filler—Elastomer Interactions. Part III. Carbon-Black-Surface Energies and Interactions with Elastomer Analogs

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Siegfried Wolff ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Donnet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Particle Interaction ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Dispersive Component ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Energies ◽  
Very High

Abstract The surface energies, both the dispersive component, γsd, and the specific component, γssp, of dry- and wet-pelletized carbon blacks, ranging from N110 to N990, were evaluated by inverse gas-solid chromatography at infinite dilution. The results indicate that the dispersive components of the surface energy of carbon blacks increase with increasing surface area. This dependence may essentially reflect an effect of microstructure on the surface energies, which can be confirmed by the relationship between the crystallographic parameters of crystallites and the graphitization of the carbon blacks. It was found that smaller crystallites characterized by a lower value of Lc lead to higher surface energy, whereas graphitization of the carbon black points toward lower surface energy, perhaps resulting from the growth of the quasi-graphite structure. Surface area dependence of the specific component of the surface energy characterized by the specific energy of adsorption of a polar probe follows the same pattern as was observed for the dispersive component, i.e., γsd increases with surface area. This is believed to be related to the crystallographic structure and the surface chemistry. Studies on adsorption energies of the low-molecular-weight analogs of elastomers generally show that the interactions between carbon blacks and rubbers depend not only on filler surface energies but also on the structure of the elastomers. Due to their polar functional groups, NBR and SBR show a stronger interaction with blacks than unsaturated rubbers. Among the rubbers simulated, IIR would have the lowest interaction with the filler. A comparison of the surface energies of carbon blacks and silicas points toward a very high γsd, for blacks which may show strong interaction with nonpolar- or low-polar polymers, while the very high Sf value of the silicas, especially precipitated silicas, a measure of the relative polarity of their surface, is considered to be representative of strong particle-particle interaction, leading to the formation of a filler network.

Another Look at S-Type Carbon Blacks

1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
J. R. Haws ◽  
W. T. Cooper ◽  
E. F. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Good Adhesion ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oxidized Carbon

Abstract Oxidized carbon blacks impart unique properties to rubber compounds. The most interesting aspects include modified curing characteristics, good resistance to tear, and the potential to promote good adhesion of rubber compounds to brass-plated metal. When these improvements are considered in conjunction with the wide range of surface area and structure available in carbon black, it is evident that oxidized furnace blacks provide combinations of properties not previously available.

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