Carbon Black Surface Areas by the Harkins and Jura Absolute Method

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kraus ◽  
K. W. Rollmann
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Absolute Method ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
Light Reflectance ◽  
Adsorption Surface

Abstract The Harkins and Jura (HJ) absolute method of surface area determination (Harkins and Jura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66, 919, 1944) has been applied to a large number of carbon blacks. Surface area is calculated from the heat of immersion of the solid powder covered by a preadsorbed multilayer of the immersion liquid. For non-porous carbon blacks good agreement with nitrogen adsorption surface areas is obtained, but with porous blacks the HJ method gives smaller values since micropores are filled and bridged over by the pre-adsorbed film. Thus the HJ areas are more nearly representative of particle size and may be used to calibrate indirect methods of particle size determination. An example of this is shown using light reflectance values on dry carbon black and possible complications due to particle size distribution in the use of the reflectance test are discussed.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

THE ADSORPTION OF SODIUM MYRISTATE BY CARBON BLACK

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (11) ◽  
pp. 426-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Reade ◽  
A. S. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Preferential Adsorption

The adsorption of sodium myristate from 0.1% aqueous solution by a series of carbon blacks and an activated charcoal has been measured at 70 °C. In every case a preferential adsorption of fatty acid was observed. The extent of adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soap increased with decreasing particle size, i.e., with increasing surface area, of the carbons. The adsorption by activated charcoal was considerably higher than that obtained with even the finest of the carbon blacks.

APPARENT DENSITIES AND INTERNAL SURFACE AREAS OF SELECTED CARBON BLACKS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Walker Jr. ◽  
W. V. Kotlensky
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Roughness Factor ◽  
Internal Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

It is shown that the open pore volume within carbon blacks can be calculated from nitrogen adsorption isotherms (77°K) on the blacks. From this volume and a helium density, the apparent density of a black can be calculated. Other properties of the blacks which then can be calculated are free surface area, internal surface area, surface roughness factor, and the average pore diameter of the internal surface. These data are presented for five selected carbon blacks.

Surface Area of Nonporous Carbon Blacks and Area of the Adsorbed Nitrogen Molecule

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries Voet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Nitrogen Molecule ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Chain Formation ◽  
Electron Micrography ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Particle Chain ◽  
Lower Ratio

Abstract Surface areas of completely nonporous carbon blacks of widely varying particle chain formation (structure) have been determined by means of the nitrogen adsorption method as well as by electron micrography. Accurately determined densities in helium were used as the basis of calculations in the latter approach. It was found that the ratio of areas measured by nitrogen adsorption to electron micrographically determined surface areas is greatly dependent upon chain formation. A higher structural build-up leads to a lower ratio, explained by the observation that fusion areas in carbon chains are necessarily, though erroneously, counted as surfaces in electron micrography. The ratio differs markedly from unity, however, in low structure blacks, where fusion areas are negligible. By accepting the area of a nitrogen molecule adsorbed in a monolayer as being equal to that in the solid state, 13.8 A2, the ratio becomes unity for nonporous low structure blacks. It appears likely, therefore, that all surface area data based on the area of a nitrogen molecule in the liquid state of 16.2 A2 are too high by about 15 per cent of presently accepted values.

A COMPARISON OF THE X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND NITROGEN ADSORPTION SURFACE AREAS OF CARBON BLACKS AND CHARCOALS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (4) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
W. M. Barss
Keyword(s):  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Crystallite Surface ◽  
Adsorption Surface ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The surface areas, as determined from X-ray diffraction and low temperature nitrogen adsorption data, were compared for a number of carbon blacks and activated charcoals. Comparative data were also obtained on samples of charcoal at various stages of activation and after calcination. The X-ray diffraction data indicated that all the samples examined were composed of small graphitelike crystallites of the same order of magnitude, which had specific surfaces of about 2500 to 3000 sq. m. per cc. The nitrogen adsorption surface of a highly activated charcoal was found to be about equal to the X-ray surface. It is suggested that the crystallite surface represents the potential adsorption surface of a carbonaceous material and, providing that crystal growth does not occur during activation, the activation process makes these surfaces available to external adsorbate.

Evaluation of the External Surface Area of Carbon Black by Nitrogen Adsorption

1995 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Production Control ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
External Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Grade Classification ◽  
Ctab Method

Abstract Specific surface area is an important property for carbon black grade classification, production control, and prediction of rubber reinforcement characteristics. Total surface area alone is insufficient for estimating the reinforcing properties of a microporous carbon black because the internal area of the micropores is inaccessible to rubber molecules. The CTAB surface area test, based on adsorption of a molecule too large to enter the micropore, measures the surface area available to rubber. Although widely used, the CTAB method has failed to gain wide popularity due to its labor-intensive nature and poor testing precision. In the present paper, the extent of microporosity on the surface of carbon blacks is investigated. The external surface area derived from the nitrogen adsorption characteristics is compared to CTAB surface area for a number of standard rubber carbon blacks. This study reports the optimum testing conditions to achieve precise external surface area measurements and the ability of this method to overcome the disadvantages of the CTAB method. Other advantages of this technique are discussed.

Active Magnesia. III. X-ray versus Nitrogen Adsorption Surface Areas.

1947 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Zettlemoyer ◽  
W. C. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Adsorption Surface

Properties of CB/Rubber Composites Filled by Carbon Black Used as Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Decomposition

2007 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Shuang Ye Dai ◽  
Ge You Ao ◽  
Myung Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Decomposition Reaction ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Carbon Deposits ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Low Weight

Carbon blacks were used as catalysts for hydrogen production through hydrocarbon decomposition. The aim of this work is to find suitable conditions for decomposition reaction to cut down the net cost of hydrogen production. Carbon blacks after hydrocarbon decomposition under different operation conditions were mixed with NBR rubber. The surface area of carbon black increased with low weight gain in methane decomposition caused by carbon deposits on the surface of carbon black aggregates, and the decrease of surface area with further weight gain might be due to the carbon deposits adhering to each other and forming bigger aggregates. The same results were gotten from decomposition of mixture gas of methane and propane. The surface area of carbon black always decreased with the development of propane decomposition reaction. With the same carbon black loading, the composites filled by carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions showed higher tensile strength than those mixed with raw carbon blacks, but there were no significant differences in 300% modulus. With the increase of carbon blacks loading in all composites, 300% modulus and tensile strength always increased. The surface resistivity of composites showed that it was much easier for carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions to dissipate well in the in rubber system.

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