The Rolling Resistance, Wear and Traction Properties of Tread Compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Grosch
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
High Wear Resistance ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Abrasive Surface ◽  
Correct Weight ◽  
New Compounds

Abstract The paper gives a brief survey of the state of friction and abrasion research with a view of the possibility to use laboratory methods for the development of new compounds with optimal traction and abrasion properties. It shows that viscoelasticity plays a decisive role in friction and in this way measurements of the dynamic properties give a good indication of the possibilities for good traction properties. However, friction is still a good deal more complex than the modulus or loss factor curves. It takes in different frequency ranges and temperatures in the contact area so that a direct laboratory measurement of these properties is still very desirable. If the speed and temperature correspond to the log aTv values experienced in practice and the laboratory track structure and texture is not too far removed from that of road surfaces, the correlation with road tests is high. To simulate the structure and texture of road surfaces with durable laboratory surfaces, a combination of two surfaces may be necessary. Abrasion is not only influenced by the strength properties of the rubber but also by oxidation and thermal degradation. To give these processes the correct weight in the laboratory, the testing conditions have to be mild and a combination of several conditions is necessary in order to demonstrate the complexity of interactions, which can lead to ranking reversals. Energy dissipation, speed, and abrasive surface structure and texture are identified as prime variables to achieve a high correlation with road wear. Since viscoelasticity, encompassing not only polymer but also filler, oil-extension, curing and other compound additives, plays a major role in both friction and wear, the rolling resistance of the compound is always effected and has to be taken into account. Modern polymerization methods and new filler concepts make it possible to change the viscoelastic properties in such detail that high friction and—to the degree to which strength contributes to wear—high wear resistance can be combined with low rolling resistance. This development has certainly not reached its climax yet. Exciting times lie ahead for tire compounders, polymer- and filler chemists alike.

Tire-Road Interactions — Harmony or Conflict?

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Tire Wear

Abstract This is a summary of work by the author and his colleagues, as well as by others reported in the literature, that demonstrate a need for considering a vehicle, its tires, and the road surface as a system. The central theme is interaction at the footprint, especially that of truck tires. Individual and interactive effects of road and tires are considered under the major topics of road aggregate (macroscopic and microscopic properties), development of a novel road surface, safety, noise, rolling resistance, riding comfort, water drainage by both road and tire, development of tire tread compounds and a proving ground, and influence of tire wear on wet traction. A general conclusion is that road surfaces have both the major effect and the greater potential for improvement.

scholarly journals Tire/Road Rolling Resistance Modeling: Discussing the Surface Macrotexture Effect

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
Malal Kane ◽  
Ebrahim Riahi ◽  
Minh-Tan Do
Keyword(s):  
Slip Rate ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Profile Depth ◽  
Experimental Rolling ◽  
Resistance Modeling ◽  
Pavement Friction

This paper deals with the modeling of rolling resistance and the analysis of the effect of pavement texture. The Rolling Resistance Model (RRM) is a simplification of the no-slip rate of the Dynamic Friction Model (DFM) based on modeling tire/road contact and is intended to predict the tire/pavement friction at all slip rates. The experimental validation of this approach was performed using a machine simulating tires rolling on road surfaces. The tested pavement surfaces have a wide range of textures from smooth to macro-micro-rough, thus covering all the surfaces likely to be encountered on the roads. A comparison between the experimental rolling resistances and those predicted by the model shows a good correlation, with an R2 exceeding 0.8. A good correlation between the MPD (mean profile depth) of the surfaces and the rolling resistance is also shown. It is also noticed that a random distribution and pointed shape of the summits may also be an inconvenience concerning rolling resistance, thus leading to the conclusion that beyond the macrotexture, the positivity of the texture should also be taken into account. A possible simplification of the model by neglecting the damping part in the constitutive model of the rubber is also noted.

scholarly journals Simulation Verification of the Contact Parameter Influence on the Forces’ Course of Cereal Grain Impact against a Stiff Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Kęska ◽  
Jacek Marcinkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Gierz ◽  
Żaneta Staszak ◽  
Jarosław Selech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Contact Parameter ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The continuous development of computer technology has made it applicable in many scientific fields, including research into a wide range of processes in agricultural machines. It allows the simulation of very complex physical phenomena, including grain motion. A recently discovered discrete element method (DEM) is used for this purpose. It involves direct integration of equations of grain system motion under the action of various forces, the most important of which are contact forces. The method’s accuracy depends mainly on precisely developed mathematical models of contacts. The creation of such models requires empirical validation, an experiment that investigates the course of contact forces at the moment of the impact of the grains. To achieve this, specialised test stations equipped with force and speed sensors were developed. The correct selection of testing equipment and interpretation of results play a decisive role in this type of research. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the force sensor dynamic properties’ influence on the measurement accuracy of the course of the plant grain impact forces against a stiff surface. The issue was examined using the computer simulation method. A proprietary computer software with the main calculation module and data input procedures, which presents results in a graphic form, was used for calculations. From the simulation, graphs of the contact force and force signal from the sensor were obtained. This helped to clearly indicate the essence of the correct selection of parameters used in the tests of sensors, which should be characterised by high resonance frequency.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL TYPES OF RESINS ON THE DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER MIXTURE BASED ON BUTYL RUBBER

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Tarasova ◽  
Yu. Yurkin ◽  
A. Toroschin
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Polymer Mixture ◽  
Damping Properties ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical

this work is devoted to the problem of developing vibration-damping polymer materials with high damping properties in a wide temperature range. The study of the effect of modifying additives on the strength, damping, adhesive and cohesive properties of a butyl rubber composite is the aim of this work. The task is to identify the actual temperature, frequency, dynamic and mechanical characteristics of a composite material based on butyl rubber depending on the type and concentration of resins. The key methods for studying this problem is the dynamic mechanical analysis method, aimed at obtaining information about changes in the dynamic properties of polymer materials (bond strength with metal when peeling samples of composites, determining the flow resistance of samples, determining the migration of plasticizer). Due to the established experimental dependences, it was found that the addition of resins (3% by weight) in the composition based on butyl rubber leads to an increase in the damping properties of composite materials, and an increase to (4.25% by weight) leads to their decrease. It was established that the obtained filled mixtures with a high damping peak and good adhesive and strength properties are mixtures with the addition of alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 475-478
Author(s):  
Watcharin Rassamee ◽  
Woothichai Thaijaroen ◽  
Thirawudh Pongprayoon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Unmodified Silica ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Wet Grip

Natural rubber compound using different silicas, including unmodified silica, admicellar-modified silica and silica with silane coupling agent, were studied. The properties including cure characteristics, mechanical properties and dynamic properties were examined with the comparison of three compounds. The results show that cure characteristics of admicellar silica/rubber compound (Ad-Si/R) was shorter than those of unmodified silica/rubber compound (Un-Si/R) and silane coupling silica/rubber compound (Sil-Si/R). Mechanical properties of Ad-Si/R and Sil-Si/R were better than those of Un-Si/R. In addition, wet grip and rolling resistance analyzed from tan δ (5 Hz) at 0°C and 60°C, respectively, by DMA were found that the wet grip of Ad-Si/R was the best, whereas the rolling resistance of Sil-Si/R was the best, in the comparison.

EFFECT OF ELASTOMER NANOPARTICLES ON IMPROVING THE WET SKID RESISTANCE OF SBR/NR COMPOSITES

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingguo Wang ◽  
Jingrui Liu ◽  
Quande Cui ◽  
Xiao Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT How to improve the wet skid resistance of rubber composites for tire tread while decreasing the rolling resistance is very important for both rubber researchers and industry. The irradiation-vulcanized elastomer particles, ultrafine fully-vulcanized powder nitrile butadiene rubber (UFPNBR), having the diameter of about 80 nm, were studied on modifying the dynamic mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber/natural rubber (SBR/NR) composites for tire tread. It is notable that the UFPNBR particles can improve the tanδ values of SBR/NR composites in a temperature range from −10 to 20 °C and decrease the tanδ values in the temperature range from 50 to 70 °C simultaneously, which indicates that the UFPNBR particles not only can improve the wet skid resistance but also can reduce the rolling resistance of the SBR/NR composites. On the other hand, the UFPNBR-modified SBR/NR composites also have good dynamic properties for safety operation of tires at high temperature and good tensile strength, tear strength, and fatigue properties in the range of 8 phr UFPNBR loadings.

scholarly journals Bird-Strike Resistance of Composite Laminates with Different Materials

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadong Zhou ◽  
Youchao Sun ◽  
Tianlin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Bird Strike ◽  
Particle Hydrodynamics ◽  
Bird Impact ◽  
The Impact

To obtain some basic laws for bird-strike resistance of composite materials in aeronautical application, the high-velocity impact behaviors of composite laminates with different materials were studied by numerical methods. The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and finite element method (FEM) coupling models were validated from various perspectives, and the numerical results were comparatively investigated. Results show that the different composite materials have relatively little effect on projectile deformations during the bird impact. However, the impact-damage distributions can be significantly different for different composite materials. The strength parameters and fracture energy parameters play different roles in different damage modes. Lastly, modal frequency was tentatively used to explain the damage behavior of the composite laminates, for it can manifest the mass and stiffness characteristics of a dynamic structure. The dynamic properties and strength properties jointly determine the impact-damage resistance of composite laminates under bird strike. Future optimization study can be considered from these two aspects.

BETTER BALANCE OF SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUND PROPERTIES BY THE USE OF MONTMORILLONITE WITH OPTIMUM SURFACE MODIFIER CONTENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 000-000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Irfan Fathurrohman ◽  
Supagorn Rugmai ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Key Factor

ABSTRACT Reinforcement of silica in tire tread compounds is known to reduce hysteresis or energy loss, which leads to a production of energy-saving tires. Even though silica–silane technology has been well established, further development to enhance its performance is still needed. One of the approaches is to use hybrid or dual filler. The use of silica-organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) dual filler in the reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) truck tire tread compounds is investigated. The NR-MMT master batches were prepared by using the in situ organomodified and latex compounding method. Because the surface-modifying agent or surfactant is a key factor in determining the level of MMT dispersion in the rubber matrix, the effect of quaternary amine salt (Q) contents on mechanical and dynamic properties of NR tread compounds reinforced by silica-MMT was studied. The results revealed that MMT and Q can effectively reduce the filler–filler interaction and complex viscosity owing to a good dispersion of MMT and silica in the NR matrix and Q, which acts as a dispersing agent in addition to the silane coupling agent used in the compound, leading to improvement in tensile, abrasion resistance, and dynamic mechanical properties with an increasing amount of Q. Furthermore, at the optimum content of the surfactant used (36 wt%), the silica-MMT–reinforced NR exhibited improved tensile strength (+4%), wet grip, and rolling resistance, respectively, as indicated by loss tangent at 0 °C (+6%) and 60 °C (−15%), while maintaining a modulus at 300% strain and abrasion resistance as compared with the silica-NR reference compound. Such a dual-filler system demonstrates its potential use for tire treads with better performance.

INFLUENCES OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF NR/SSBR AND PHASE-SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF SILICA ON ITS STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 000-000
Author(s):  
Qing-Yuan Han ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Yu-Chun Li ◽  
You-Ping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT The compatibility between solution polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR 2466) and natural rubber (NR) is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The single glass transition in the entire temperature range of all NR/SSBR blends and good correlation between Tg and SSBR fraction prove the excellent compatibility between SSBR 2466 and NR. With increasing SSBR content, a reduced Payne effect, more homogeneous dispersion of silica, stronger rubber–filler interaction, and more silica selectively distributed in the SSBR phase were determined via rubber-processing analysis, transmission electron microscopy, bound rubber, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The high vinyl content, low styrene content, and end-functionalized structure of SSBR play vital roles in promoting its compatibility with NR and a stronger rubber–silica linkage. The resulting increased tan δ at 0 °C and low tan δ at 60 °C indicates good wet-skid resistance and low rolling resistance by blending SSBR 2466, and 70/30 NR/SSBR is the best balance for producing a “green tire” tread.

TOWARD REPLACEMENT OF PETROLEUM OILS BY MODIFIED SOYBEAN OILS IN ELASTOMERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxi Li ◽  
Avraam I. Isayev ◽  
Xiaofeng Ren ◽  
Mark D. Soucek
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Modified Soybean Oil ◽  
Tan Δ

ABSTRACT Precipitated silica- and carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and vulcanizates containing naphthenic oil (NO), soybean oil (SO), and modified soybean oil (MSO) were studied. Gel fraction; crosslink density; bound rubber fraction; curing behavior; and thermal, mechanical, and dynamic properties were compared. Interaction between SO, MSO, and silane coupling agent was also studied. It was shown that the incorporation of SO and MSO had similar effects in both silica- and CB-filled SBR compounds and vulcanizates. SO and MSO were found to consume curatives leading to a lower crosslink density and improved thermal stability of compounds and vulcanizates. In comparison with NO, MSO was found to increase the elongation at break and tensile strength, and the values of tan δ at 10 °C and 60 °C predict an increase of the wet traction performance and the rolling resistance to decrease the modulus and abrasion resistance. After adjusting the recipe, the modulus and abrasion resistance of the silica- and CB-filled SBR/MSO vulcanizates were tremendously increased, and the silica-filled SBR/MSO vulcanizates exhibited a better wet traction performance, a lower rolling resistance, and a better abrasion resistance simultaneously than the silica-filled SBR/NO vulcanizate.

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