Laboratory Flexing Tests as an Aid in Investigating the Pneumatic Tire Carcass

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-554
Author(s):  
H. A. Depew ◽  
H. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Tension Tests ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost ◽  
General Method

Abstract TIRE tests, both service and test wheel methods, are generally used for carcass development, supplemented to a limited extent by laboratory tests, which include stress-strain tests on the compound and the cord, friction tests to measure the force necessary to pull the rubber compound from the cord, and pulley flexing tests. Owing to the cost and difficulty of reproduction of tire tests, it is desirable to use laboratory tests in so far as possible, although it will be impractical to eliminate tire tests as final checks before putting laboratory information into production and as a general method of attack for special problems in design. Among the important problems that lend themselves especially well to laboratory methods are: (1) Insulation of tire cord, including thickness of skim and spacing of the cord; and (2) rubber compounds (both before and after aging), including composition and state of cure. In choosing laboratory methods, it was decided to use flexing methods, with tension tests on the compound as an aid in judging state of cure. Friction tests were not made since they would be meaningless for indicating the bond between rubber and cotton when the cords are well separated in rubber.

Reclaimed Rubber. Application of the T-50 Test

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
Henry F. Palmer ◽  
Robert H. Crossley
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Standard Testing ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
The One ◽  
Relative States

Abstract 1. If reclaimed rubber is introduced into a rubber compound, the T-50 values for the early part of the cure are lowered. This lowering is due in part to the faster rate of cure of the compound containing reclaim, and probably in part to the influence of the combined sulfur present in the reclaim itself. This lowering of T-50 value manifests itself chiefly during the early cures, diminishes as the cure progresses, and finally disappears. 2. The T-50 test should not be used to compare the relative states of cure of compounds containing different or unknown amounts of reclaimed rubber. 3. The T-50 test can be used to determine the effect of reclaimed rubber on the rate of cure of a compound by comparing the slopes and positions of the T-50 curves at various curing times; conclusions reached in this way can be substantiated by free sulfur data. The T-50 test appears to be somewhat more sensitive for this purpose than tensile and modulus tests. 4. T-50 tests on the reclaim-sulfur mix are more uniform than tensile strength tests, and indicate that variations in tensile strength are caused by factors other than variations in chemical state of cure. The T-50 test will, to a limited extent, distinguish differences in the rates of cure of reclaims in this mix. In general, however, the reclaim-sulfur mix is not so informative in the evaluation of reclaimed rubber as a test of the reclaim in a compound typical of the one in which it will be used. 5. As a means of interpreting the rate of cure of rubber and reclaimed rubber compounds, the T-50 test possesses advantages of speed, simplicity, and accuracy, and is a valuable addition to the standard testing methods now in use.

Effects of Aging on the Morphology of Rubber-Brass Interfacial Layer

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ashirgade ◽  
P. B. Harakuni ◽  
W. J. Vanooij
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Interfacial Layer ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Adhesion Promoter

Abstract Adhesion between rubber compound and brass-plated steel tire cord is crucial in governing the overall performance of tires. The rubber-brass interfacial adhesion is influenced by the chemical composition and thickness of the interfacial layer. It has been shown that the interfacial layer consists mainly of sulfides and oxides of copper and zinc. This paper discusses the effect of changes in the chemical composition and the structure of the interfacial layers due to addition of adhesion promoter resins. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) experiments were run on sulfidized polished brass coupons previously bonded to five experimental rubber compounds. It was confirmed that heat and humidity conditions lead to physical and chemical changes of the rubber-steel tire cord interfacial layer, closely related to the degree of rubber-brass adhesion. Morphological transformation of the interfacial layer led to loss of adhesion after aging. The adhesion promoter resins inhibit unfavorable morphological changes in the interfacial layer, thus stabilizing it during aging and prolonging failure. Tire cord adhesion tests illustrated that the one-component resins improved adhesion after aging using a rubber compound with lower cobalt loading. Based on the acquired diffraction profiles, these resins were also found to impede crystallization of the sulfide layer after aging, leading to improved adhesion. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles and scanning electron microscopy micrographs strongly corroborated the findings from GIXRD. This interfacial analysis adds valuable information to our understanding of the complex nature of the rubber-brass bonding mechanism.

THERMOPHYSICAL AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF BUTADIENE-NITRILE RUBBER FILLED WITH ULTRA HIGH-MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
N.V. Shadrinov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Khristoforova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene ◽  
Physicomechanical Properties ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Butadiene Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

The results of the study of the complex of properties of an elastomeric composite material based on nitrile butadiene rubber BNKS-18 and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene are presented. The effect of UHMWPE on the vulcanization characteristics of rubber compounds, the physicomechanical properties of vulcanizates before and after thermal aging in a hydrocarbon environment and air, and also on the dynamic properties before and after curing are investigated.

scholarly journals Computer Modeling of Barrel-Vaulted Sanctuary Exhibiting Flutter Echo with Comparison to Measurements

Acoustics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-109
Author(s):  
Heather Lai ◽  
Brian Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Impulse Responses ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Geometrical Acoustics ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
The Cost

Computer modeling in acoustics allows for the prediction of acoustical defects and the evaluation of potential remediations. In this article, computer modeling is applied to the case of a barrel-vaulted sanctuary whose architectural design and construction led to severe flutter echoes along the main aisle, which was later mitigated through acoustical remediations. State-of-the-art geometrical acoustics and wave-based simulations are carried out to analyze the acoustics of this space, with a particular focus on the flutter echoes along the main aisle, before and after remediations. Multi-resolution wavelet and spectrogram analyses are carried out to isolate and characterize flutter echoes within measurements and computer-simulated room impulse responses. Comparisons of simulated responses to measurements are also made in terms of decay times and curves. Simulated room impulse responses from both geometrical acoustics and wave-based methods show evidence of flutter echoes matching measurements, to varying degrees. Time-frequency analyses isolating flutter echoes demonstrate better matches to measurements from wave-based simulated responses, at the cost of longer simulation times than geometrical acoustics simulations. This case study highlights the importance of computer modeling of acoustics in early design phases of architectural planning of worship spaces.

Wire Adhesion Testing

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Coates ◽  
C. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Reliable Test ◽  
Adhesion Testing ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The results of this study are conclusive. The ASTM D-2229 Test Method is not a reliable test for measuring adhesion of wire cords to rubber compounds. However, by using the basic design and modifying it, an accurate measurement of bond strength on a macroscopic level can be obtained. This test is insensitive for all practical purposes to compound physical properties and changes in cord diameter and embedded length—for both stranded and rod-like cords. It is also possible with this test to calculate the amount of stress that is exerted on the surface of the wire cord to determine the relationship between failing stress and the material strength of the rubber compound. Properly used, this new test should give the compounder a better tool to study the adhesion of compounds to metal.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of retrofit R410a refrigerant with R32 refrigerant on a split air conditioner

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
I Nengah Ardita ◽  
◽  
I Gusti Agung Bagus Wirajati ◽  
I Dewa Made Susila ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Experimental Equipment ◽  
Evaporation Heat ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Common Group ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Design And Manufacture

Split air conditioning (AC) is the most widely used in the community for both commercial and domestic utilities. At the present refrigerant which used in Split AC is mostly common group of HFCs, such as R410a. R410a is a zeotropic refrigerant and if there is a leak in the system, it cannot be added this refrigerant. This will increase the cost of maintenance. The aims of this research is to investigate the retrofit of R410a with R32 on the Split AC system. The R32 is chosen because it has higher latent evaporation heat at the same temperature and has less effect on global warming. The refrigeration effect, the power consumption and the system performance are the main three quantities that want to be examined in this research which are observed before and after retrofit. Experimental investigation conducted during this research, including design and manufacture of experimental equipment, calibration and tools installment, collecting the experimental data and analysis by quantitative description method before and after retrofit. The results informed that cooling effect increased during the research, but the COP system has a slight decrease about 4%. R32 refrigerant is quite feasible as a retrofit refrigerant to R410a refrigerant.

scholarly journals Research of the properties of rubber-cord composites in the presence of new adhesion promoters

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
O. V. Karmanova ◽  
S. G. Tikhomirov ◽  
E. V. Lintsova ◽  
L. V. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Tensile Elongation ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cobalt Content ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Adhesion Promoters ◽  
Serial Sample ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Properties

Studies of experimental adhesion modifiers based on a mixture of fatty acids from the production of light vegetable oils. The properties of rubber compounds and their vulcanizates obtained using experimental adhesion promoters KK with cobalt content from 7.5 to 16.5% are investigated. The plastic-elastic and vulcanization properties of the properties of breaker rubber compounds based on polyisoprene, the physical and mechanical properties of breaker rubbers and the bond strength in the “rubber-brass-plated steel cord system” were studied. When testing belt rubbers containing experienced adhesion promoters or an imported analog of Manobond 680C, the following features were revealed. The plasticity of the prototypes was in the range of 0.2-0.4. This indicates satisfactory processing properties. The Mooney viscosity of the prototypes was lower than that of the production sample. The use of experienced adhesion promoters instead of the analogue (Manobond 680C) increases the resistance to scorching. On the basis of the analysis of elastic-strength properties, it was found that in terms of the conditional tensile strength, the prototypes were inferior to the serial ones. However, rubbers containing the KK-12, KK-13.5, KK-15 promoters met the control standards. The tensile elongation at break of the experimental rubbers is higher than that of the serial sample. This may indicate the formation of a more uniform cure network in the presence of the test products. When testing rubber-metal-hard composites, it was noted that, under normal conditions, the experienced adhesion promoters have advantages over Manobond 680C. However, at elevated temperatures, under conditions of salt and steam-air aging, they are slightly inferior to Manobond 680C. It has been established that the experimental adhesion promoters provide the required set of technical properties of belt rubbers with a CO2 + content of 12–16.5% wt. Thus, it is possible to recommend the adhesion promoters KK 12, KK-13.5, KK 15 for practical use in the composition of belt rubber compounds. This will allow replacing a foreign-made product and reducing the cost of production.

scholarly journals Coagulation performance evaluation of alginate as a natural coagulant for the treatment of turbid water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Packiam Saranya ◽  
S. T. Ramesh ◽  
R. Gandhimathi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Coagulation Performance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Box Structure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Flocculation Process

Abstract Alginates are quite abundant in nature as they occur both as a structural component in marine brown algae (Phaeophyceae) comprising up to 40% of dry matter and as capsular polysaccharides in soil bacteria. Alginic acid is the only polysaccharide, which naturally contains carboxyl groups in each constituent residue, and possesses various abilities for functional materials. Experiments were carried out for the water of turbidity 300 NTU. Alginate as such doesn't act as a coagulant instead it should be converted to calcium alginate by adding calcium ions. Calcium chloride was used for imparting calcium ions necessary for the reaction. The dosage of calcium was fixed as 50 mg/L, 75 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and alginate doses between 2 to 10 mg/L. Calcium dosage below 50 mg/L was not sufficient enough for the formation of egg-box structure which is responsible for the coagulation and flocculation process. For the mechanism of charge neutralization to take place effectively, calcium should be added first followed by alginate. pH and conductivity of the sample remain constant before and after the treatment. The dosage of alginate required for the treatment is less so the cost of treatment also will be very less, thus alginate can replace the usage of chemical coagulants like alum.

scholarly journals SISTEM OTOMASI RUANGAN DENGAN RASPBERRY PI BERBASIS MOBILE WEB STUDI KASUS: (LEMBAGA KURSUS CODY APP ACADEMY)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Aditya Mirza Bahari ◽  
Nenny Anggraini ◽  
Siti Ummi Masruroh
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Mobile Web ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Home Automation System ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRAK Cody App Academy adalah sebuah tempat kursus berbasis teknologi di Bintaro, Jakarta Selatan. Berdasarkan observasi yang dilakukan penulis, Cody masih menerapkan cara manual untuk menyalakan dan mematikan listrik. Selain itu, hasil dari wawancara oleh pengelola Cody, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hal ini berdampak terhadap efisiensi penggunaan arus listrik yang ada di Cody, yang berkaitan langsung dengan besar atau kecilnya tagihan listrik yang harus dibayarkan oleh pengelola Cody. Maka penulis mengusulkan sebuah solusi berupa prototipe Sistem Pengendali Ruangan dengan teknologi motion berbasis mobile web yang merupakan aplikasi yang dapat merubah sistem manual menjadi sebuah sistem home automation. Aplikasi ini akan secara otomatis mematikan arus listrik ketika ruangan sedang kosong, dilihat dari tidak terdeteksinya gerakan dalam rentang waktu lebih dari 10 menit. Metode pengumpulan data yang yang penulis gunakan adalah pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder yang terdiri dari observasi, wawancara dan studi literatur sejenis. Sedangkan untuk metode pengembangan aplikasi adalah prototipe evolusioner dengan 4 tahap yang mencakup analisis kebutuhan pengguna, membuat satu prototipe. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah  penerapan home automation yang berupa Sistem Pengendali Ruangan dengan teknologi motion  selama jangka waktu 2 bulan berbasis mobile web terbukti membuat penggunaan listrik di Cody lebih efisien berdasarkan perbandingan tagihan listrik sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan sistem yang penulis usulkan. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari perubahan signifikan pada biaya listrik yang harus dibayarkan Cody per bulan yakni sejumlah 20% lebih efisien dibandingkan tanpa menggunkan sistem yang penulis usulkan.   ABSTRACT Cody App Academy is a technology-based course place in Bintaro, South Jakarta. Based on observations made by the author, Cody is still applying the manual way to turn on and turn off the electricity. In addition, the results of interviews by Cody's managers, it can be concluded that this impacts on the efficiency of the use of electric current in Cody, which is directly related to the large or small bill of electricity that must be paid by the manager of Cody. So the author proposed a solution in the form of prototype Space Control System with motion technology based mobile web which is an application that can change the manual system into a home automation system. This application will automatically turn off the power when the room is empty, judging from the detection of movement in the span of more than 10 minutes. Data collection methods that the author uses is the collection of primary and secondary data consisting of observations, interviews and studies of similar literature. The method of application development is an evolutionary prototype with 4 stages that includes user needs analysis, making a prototype. The result of this research is the implementation of home automation in the form of Room Control System with motion technology for 2 months based on mobile web proved to cause the use of electricity in Cody more efficient based on the ratio of electric bill before and after using the system that the author proposed. This can be seen from the significant change in the cost of electricity that Cody has to pay per month which is 20% more efficient than without using the proposed system. How To Cite : Bahari, A.M. Anggraini, N. Masruroh, S.U. (2018). SISTEM OTOMASI RUANGAN DENGAN RASPBERRY PI BERBASIS MOBILE WEB STUDI KASUS: (LEMBAGA KURSUS CODY APP ACADEMY). Jurnal Teknik Informatika, 11(1), 55-66.  doi 10.15408/jti.v11i1.6261 Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jti.v11i1.6261 

scholarly journals Monetary Transmission through Interest Rate Channel in Vietnam Before and After the Crisis

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Author(s):  
Hương Trầm Thị Xuân ◽  
Vinh Võ Xuân ◽  
CẢNH NGUYỄN PHÚC
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Monetary Transmission ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory ◽  
Cost Channel ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Interest Rate Channel

The paper employs the VAR model to examine the impact of monetary policy on the economy through interest rate channel (IRC) and levels of transmission before and after the 2008 crisis. The results indicate that in the period before the financial crisis, IRC exists in accordance with macroeconomic theory; however, the crisis period, in which increases in SBV monetary policy rates lead to increased inflation, has proved the existence of the cost channel of monetary transmission in Vietnam.

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