Reclaimed Rubber. Application of the T-50 Test

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
Henry F. Palmer ◽  
Robert H. Crossley
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Standard Testing ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
The One ◽  
Relative States

Abstract 1. If reclaimed rubber is introduced into a rubber compound, the T-50 values for the early part of the cure are lowered. This lowering is due in part to the faster rate of cure of the compound containing reclaim, and probably in part to the influence of the combined sulfur present in the reclaim itself. This lowering of T-50 value manifests itself chiefly during the early cures, diminishes as the cure progresses, and finally disappears. 2. The T-50 test should not be used to compare the relative states of cure of compounds containing different or unknown amounts of reclaimed rubber. 3. The T-50 test can be used to determine the effect of reclaimed rubber on the rate of cure of a compound by comparing the slopes and positions of the T-50 curves at various curing times; conclusions reached in this way can be substantiated by free sulfur data. The T-50 test appears to be somewhat more sensitive for this purpose than tensile and modulus tests. 4. T-50 tests on the reclaim-sulfur mix are more uniform than tensile strength tests, and indicate that variations in tensile strength are caused by factors other than variations in chemical state of cure. The T-50 test will, to a limited extent, distinguish differences in the rates of cure of reclaims in this mix. In general, however, the reclaim-sulfur mix is not so informative in the evaluation of reclaimed rubber as a test of the reclaim in a compound typical of the one in which it will be used. 5. As a means of interpreting the rate of cure of rubber and reclaimed rubber compounds, the T-50 test possesses advantages of speed, simplicity, and accuracy, and is a valuable addition to the standard testing methods now in use.

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

The Effect of Second Filler on Cure Characteristic and Mechanical Properties of Si-69 Treated Precipitate Silica/NR Composite

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 2183-2186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanchai Thongpin ◽  
C. Sripetdee ◽  
N. Papaka ◽  
N. Pongsathornviwa ◽  
Narongrit Sombatsompop
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Cure Characteristic

Silica has been widely used as non-black reinforcing filler, however, the filler-filler interaction has been an important issue. Cure characteristic and mechanical properties of the rubber compound and rubber vulcanizate were affected both by filler-rubber interaction and filler-filler interaction. There have been, presently, a number of natural fillers which are also used as fillers for the rubber, i.e. fly ash, sawdust and zeolite. This work therefore will study the effect of second filler added into the 13% Si-69 treated precipitate silica (PSi) filled natural rubber compounds. It was revealed that the scorch and cure time of the rubber compound increased with the content of treated PSi. This was the effect of excess of the silane treated onto PSi which would agglomerate and form the cluster of polysiloxane and would then be able to absorb vulcanizing accelerator resulting in extending the scorch and cure time of the rubber compounds. However, this effect was over ruled with the reinforcing effect as could be seen by the increasing, with the contents of PSi, of maximum torque and mechanical properties of the vulcanizates. The NR compounded with treated PSi content of 20 phr selected to study the effect of excess silane on the cure characteristic of hybrid fillers NR composite. The addition of sawdust led to longer scorch time and cure time but not much change of the maximum torque. As expected, the modulus of the rubber vulcanizate increased with the sawdust content whereas the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with the sawdust content. The incorporation of zeolite could accelerate the cure reaction therefore both scorch time and cure time decreased. The maximum torque also increased with the content of zeolite. Both modulus and tensile strength increased with the content of the zeolite whereas elongation at break tended to be unchanged. In the case of using fly ash as the second filler, the cure time tended to be unchanged. However, the maximum torque tended to be increased with the content of fly ash. It was found that the modulus, tensile strength increased but elongation at break decreased. Interestingly, the excess of Si-69 used effect pronouncedly for the addition of zeolite and fly ash cases as the excess silane could promote the interaction between fillers surface and rubber molecule accept for sawdust

Processing Characteristics of Rubber Compounds- - -. Effect of Pigment Particle Size and Surface

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-590
Author(s):  
A. H. Nellen ◽  
C. E. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Pigment Particle ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Processing Properties

Abstract A STUDY of the processing properties imparted by any pigment to a rubber compound is important in determining the most effective and economical type of pigment for a particular purpose. For example, in a truck tire carcass compound where zinc oxide may be the main pigment, in order to obtain the maximum quality this zinc oxide should be of the type which will give a soft uncured stock and free-flowing qualities so that the cords in the carcass may be thoroughly impregnated during the calendering and curing processes. Also, in a tread compound where channel black is the main pigment, that type of black which will allow faster incorporation into the rubber, faster extrusion, and better flowing qualities will result in manufacturing economies. In the case of both the zinc oxides and the carbon blacks it is essential that these desirable processing characteristics be obtained without losses in other properties, such as rate of cure, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.

Effect of Epoxidized Oil on Tensile and Tear Strength of NR Vulcanizate and its Comparison with Aromatic Oil NR Vulcanizates

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Rahmah ◽  
Wan Zain Norazira ◽  
Ahmad Faiza Mohd ◽  
Mohd Nurazzi Norizan
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Green Component ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Tearing Energy ◽  
Polymer Industry ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Epoxidized oil (EO) is a sustainable oil that can be obtained form edible or non-edible naturals oil. The incorporation of epoxidized oil can increase the green component in rubber compound. It can contributes to worldwide technology specially in green tyre manufacturing. Epoxidized oil has the potential to replace aromatic oil (AO) to rubber and polymer industry. The effect of incorporation of EO and AO into natural rubber vulcanizates (NR) was studied via tensile and tear strength tests according to ISO 31-1977 and ISO 6133, respectively. Tensile strength of AO value showed greather value compared to EO. Gradual increases of elongation were observed form both AO and EO. Both moduli at 100% and 300% elongation, showed reductions as oil loading were increased. The tear strength results showed that tearing energy insignificantly increased with oil loading. EO compound was found to possess higher tearing energy compared to AO compound for most composition except for 15 pphr EO.

Laboratory Flexing Tests as an Aid in Investigating the Pneumatic Tire Carcass

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-554
Author(s):  
H. A. Depew ◽  
H. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Tension Tests ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost ◽  
General Method

Abstract TIRE tests, both service and test wheel methods, are generally used for carcass development, supplemented to a limited extent by laboratory tests, which include stress-strain tests on the compound and the cord, friction tests to measure the force necessary to pull the rubber compound from the cord, and pulley flexing tests. Owing to the cost and difficulty of reproduction of tire tests, it is desirable to use laboratory tests in so far as possible, although it will be impractical to eliminate tire tests as final checks before putting laboratory information into production and as a general method of attack for special problems in design. Among the important problems that lend themselves especially well to laboratory methods are: (1) Insulation of tire cord, including thickness of skim and spacing of the cord; and (2) rubber compounds (both before and after aging), including composition and state of cure. In choosing laboratory methods, it was decided to use flexing methods, with tension tests on the compound as an aid in judging state of cure. Friction tests were not made since they would be meaningless for indicating the bond between rubber and cotton when the cords are well separated in rubber.

Study of Bismuth Telluride Crystal Strength

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
A. A. Gorbatovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Bismuth Telluride ◽  
Elasticity Modulus ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Bend Testing ◽  
Instron Testing Machine ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Semiconductor Properties

The article presents results of strength tests of bismuth telluride prismatic samples obtained by growing crystals. These crystals have semiconductor properties and are used in the heat machines, the run-ability of which largely depends on the strength of crystals. Data available in the literature are significantly different from each other. It has been shown that, the most consistent strength tests results are obtained in case of bend testing. The measurement results of the elasticity modulus and tensile strength are given. For tests, an INSTRON testing machine with maximum direct stress of the 1000 H was used.

Microstructure and mechanical property improvement of dissimilar metal joints for TC4 Ti alloy to Nitinol NiTi alloy by laser welding

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
DeShui Yu ◽  
JianPing Zhou ◽  
DaQian Sun ◽  
HongMei Li
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Laser Welding ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Niti Alloy ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Ti Alloy ◽  
The One ◽  
Fusion Weld ◽  
Welding Processes ◽  
Cu Interlayer

Abstract To avoid the formation of Ti-Ni intermetallics in a joint, three laser welding processes for Ti alloy–NiTi alloy joints were introduced. Sample A was formed while a laser acted at the Ti alloy–NiTi alloy interface, and the joint fractured along the weld centre line immediately after welding without filler metal. Sample B was formed while the laser acted on a Cu interlayer. The average tensile strength of sample B was 216 MPa. Sample C was formed while the laser acted 1.2 mm on the Ti alloy side. The one-pass welding process involved the creation of a joint with one fusion weld and one diffusion weld separated by the remaining unmelted Ti alloy. The mechanical performance of sample C was determined by the diffusion weld formed at the Ti alloy–NiTi alloy interface with a tensile strength of 256 MPa.

scholarly journals The Influence of Different Plasma Cell Discharges on the Performance Quality of Surgical Gown Samples

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4329
Author(s):  
Atif H. Asghar ◽  
Ahmed Rida Galaly
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Cathode Fall ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Performance Quality ◽  
Surgical Gown ◽  
The One

An experimental study was performed on a low-density plasma discharge using two different configurations of the plasma cell cathode, namely, the one mesh system electrodes (OMSE) and the one mesh and three system electrodes (OMTSE), to determine the electrical characteristics of the plasma such as current–voltage characteristics, breakdown voltage (VB), Paschen curves, current density (J), cathode fall thickness (dc), and electron density of the treated sample. The influence of the electrical characteristics of the plasma fluid in the cathode fall region for different cathode configuration cells (OMSE and OMTSE) on the performance quality of a surgical gown was studied to determine surface modification, treatment efficiency, exposure time, wettability property, and mechanical properties. Over a very short exposure time, the treatment efficiency for the surgical gown surface of plasma over the mesh cathode at a distance equivalent to the cathode fall distance dc values of the OMTSE and for OMSE reached a maximum. The wettability property decreased from 90 to 40% for OMTSE over a 180 s exposure time and decreased from 90 to 10% for OMSE over a 160 s exposure time. The mechanisms of each stage of surgical gown treatment by plasma are described. In this study, the mechanical properties of the untreated and treated surgical gown samples such as the tensile strength and elongation percentage, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, strain hardening, resilience, toughness, and fracture (breaking) point were studied. Plasma had a more positive effect on the mechanical properties of the OMSE reactor than those of the OMTSE reactor.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effects of additives on the properties of starch-based bioplastic film

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olugbenga O. Oluwasina ◽  
Bolaji P. Akinyele ◽  
Sunday J. Olusegun ◽  
Olayinka O. Oluwasina ◽  
Nelcy D. S. Mohallem
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Root Mean Square Roughness ◽  
Starch Solution ◽  
Dialdehyde Starch ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Silica Solution ◽  
The One ◽  
Bioplastic Film

AbstractThe adverse environmental effects of petroleum-based packaging plastics have necessitated the need for eco-friendly bioplastics. Most bioplastics are starch-based and are not without drawbacks, hence there is the need for their properties to be improved. In this study, the effect of varying concentrations of dialdehyde starch and silica solutions on the physical, mechanical, biodegradable, surface topology, and thermal properties of the bioplastic films was examined. The additive concentrations were varied from 60 to 100%. The bioplastic films produced with dialdehyde starch solution recorded better moisture content (6.62–11.85%), bioplastic film solubility (4.23–7.90%), and tensile strength (1.63–3.06 MPa), against (11.24–14.26%), (7.77–19.27%) and (0.53–0.73 MPa) respectively for bioplastic films produced with silica solution. The atomic force microscopy analysis; root-mean-square roughness, kurtosis, and skewness revealed better miscibility and compatibility between the starch matrix and the dialdehyde solution than between the starch matrix and the silica solution. Bioplastic with added dialdehyde starch solution has better tensile strength and long biodegradability than that with silica solution. The research has demonstrated that bioplastic film produced with starch and dialdehyde starch solution has better properties than the one produced with starch and silica solution. The properties evaluation results of the bioplastic films thus demonstrated their aptness for food packaging applications. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals The effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on coal cracking and mechanical properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1609-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengzheng Cai ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
Yugui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Nitrogen Injection ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Cooling

Liquid nitrogen is a type of super-cryogenic fluid, which can cause the reservoir temperature to decrease significantly and thereby induce formation rock damage and cracking when it is injected into the wellbore as fracturing fluid. An experimental set-up was designed to monitor the acoustic emission signals of coal during its contact with cryogenic liquid nitrogen. Ultrasonic and tensile strength tests were then performed to investigate the effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on coal cracking and the changes in mechanical properties thereof. The results showed that acoustic emission phenomena occurred immediately as the coal sample came into contact with liquid nitrogen. This indicated that evident damage and cracking were induced by liquid nitrogen cooling. During liquid nitrogen injection, the ring-down count rate was high, and the cumulative ring-down counts also increased rapidly. Both the ring-down count rate and the cumulative ring-down counts during liquid nitrogen injection were much greater than those in the post-injection period. Liquid nitrogen cooling caused the micro-fissures inside the coal to expand, leading to a decrease in wave velocity and the deterioration in mechanical strength. The wave velocity, which was measured as soon as the sample was removed from the liquid nitrogen (i.e. the wave velocity was recorded in the cooling state), decreased by 14.46% on average. As the cryogenic samples recovered to room temperature, this value increased to 18.69%. In tensile strength tests, the tensile strengths of samples in cooling and cool-treated states were (on average) 17.39 and 31.43% less than those in initial state. These indicated that both during the cooling and heating processes, damage and cracking were generated within these coal samples, resulting in the acoustic emission phenomenon as well as the decrease in wave velocity and tensile strength.

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