Systemic Tree Injection of Propizol (14.3% wt./wt. propiconazole ME) in Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra) for Control of Diplodia Tip Blight (Diplodia pinea)

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
John Aiken ◽  
Marianne Waindle ◽  
Donald Grosman ◽  
Srdjan Acimovic
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Autumn And Winter

"Diplodia tip blight (Diplodia pinea) affects mature pines, including Austrian (Pinus nigra) and Ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines. Infections spread from needle fascicles to branch and, if unchecked, to the entire tree. Efficacy studies of fungicide injections in conifers are limited. Minute vascular tissues and resin exudate, a response to drilling, present impediments to injection. The efficacy of Propizol (14.3% propiconazole) for control of Diplodia tip blight in Austrian pines was evaluated. We evaluated (1) time of year, (2) injection spacing, and (3) fungicide dilution with respect to injection efficiency. Late fall injections expedited uptake, which is consistent with the reduced monoterpene emission rates in autumn and winter reported by Kim et al. 2005 and Lim et al. 2008. The time required for the dose to be administered was recorded for close and wide spacing of injection sites. Close spacing had the greatest impact on reducing the application time, irrespective of time of year. Low volume injections required less time to apply compared to high volume. Regardless of the application method, we observed a significant decrease in disease incidence in Propizol-treated trees. Injections applied in late fall resulted in a mean reduction in infections of new candles in the next growing season. Injections in the following spring, however, did not result in improvement in candle condition until a year later. We believe that these differences are based on whether the fungicide was applied prior to or after infection. Based on these findings, we recommend Propizol prior to infection for optimal results.

A Comparison of Disease Assessment Methods for Southern Stem Rot of Peanut

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Rideout ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
K. L. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Assessment ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Southern stem rot (caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) traditionally has been assessed based on the percentage of infected 30.5-cm row segments, commonly referred to as disease incidence. Several alternative disease assessment methods were evaluated in four fungicide trials during the growing season (aboveground ratings) and immediately after peanut inversion (belowground ratings). Pearson's correlation coefficients compared disease assessments and yields for all trials. Across all disease assessment methods, belowground assessments at inversion showed a stronger correlation with yield than in-season aboveground assessments. Several of the alternative assessment methods showed a stronger negative correlation with yield than did the traditional disease incidence rating. However, none of the alternative methods were consistently more precise across all assessment dates and trials. There was a significant positive correlation between many of the alternative methods and the traditional disease incidence method. Furthermore, none of the alternative methods was better than the traditional method for detecting differences among fungicide treatments when subjected to ANOVA and subsequent Waller-Duncan mean separation tests (k-ratio = 100). Based on comparisons of the time required to assess disease intensity, the traditional disease assessment method was found to be the most time efficient method of those tested in this study.

Histology of Diplodia pinea in diseased and latently infected Pinus nigra shoots

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Flowers ◽  
J. R. Hartman ◽  
L. J. Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Latently Infected

scholarly journals Occurrence and genetic similarity of Diplodia pinea on shoots and cones in seed orchards of Pinus spp. in north-western Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
H.T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi ◽  
A.G.A. Kaya ◽  
A. Lehtijärvi ◽  
F. Oskay ◽  
Ö.D. Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pinus Spp

Diplodia shoot blight disease can cause significant damage on coniferous trees and be particularly injurious to cones, which reduces the amount of seed production and germination. We investigated the disease severity and genetic variation of Diplodia pinea in one Pinus nigra and two P. sylvestris seed orchards. Disease surveys were carried out in İzmit (Marmara region, Turkey) in May 2012. Symptomatic shoots and cones were examined for the presence of pycnidia. Cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied using cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Based on morphological characteristics and results using species specific primers, the pycnidia on shoots and cones were identified as D. pinea. In addition, Random Amplified Microsatellite Sequence (RAMS) analyses indicated that there was a single genet of D. pinea which caused the disease in the seed orchards. All of the 60 sampled trees were found to be infected by the fungus. There were differences in disease severity among the stands.  

Scramble and Crosswalk Signal Timing

1998 ◽  
Vol 1636 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Virkler
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Signal Timing ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Crossing Time ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing

A variety of methods have been developed for determining appropriate pedestrian crossing times at signalized intersections. Although many of these methods have useful applications, all have significant shortcomings when estimating the crossing time required under high-volume conditions and with two-way flow within a crosswalk. Existing methods are described. A field study conducted to address these shortcomings is then described. The results of the study are used to develop relationships to describe pedestrian flow at signalized crossings. Recommendations are then made to improve the signal timing parameters used for higher-volume pedestrian flows.

scholarly journals Thrombin-Accelerated Quick Clotting Serum Tubes: An Evaluation with 22 Common Biochemical Analytes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai-Yoong Ng ◽  
Chin-Pin Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Serum Storage ◽  
Time Required

Clot activator serum tubes have significantly improved turnaround times for result reporting compared to plain tubes. With increasing workload and service performance expectations confronting clinical laboratories with high-volume testing and with particular emphasis on critical analytes, attention has focussed on preanalytical variables that can be improved. We carried out a field study on the test performance of BD vacutainer rapid serum tubes (RSTs) compared to current institutional issued BD vacutainer serum separator tubes (SSTs) in its test result comparability, clotting time, and stability on serum storage. Data from the study population (n=160) of patients attending outpatient clinics and healthy subjects showed that results for renal, liver, lipids, cardiac, thyroid, and prostate biochemical markers were comparable between RSTs and SSTs. Clotting times of the RSTs were verified to be quick with a median time of 2.05 min. Analyte stability on serum storage at 4°C showed no statistically significant deterioration except for bicarbonate, electrolytes, and albumin over a period of 4 days. In conclusion, RSTs offered savings in the time required for the clotting process of serum specimens. This should translate to further trimming of the whole process from blood collection to result reporting without too much sacrifice on test accuracy and performance compared to the current widely used SSTs in most clinical laboratories.

Weather associated with autumn and winter migrations of rice pests and other insects in south-eastern and eastern Asia

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Rutter ◽  
A.P. Mills ◽  
L.J. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Trajectory Analysis ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
Rice Pests ◽  
Rice Pest ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractTrajectory analysis was used to determine the direction and extent of windborne migrations of insects trapped in autumn and winter in south-east and east Asia for 12 years between 1968 and 1987. Nearly 2600 trajectories were drawn upwind at 10 m and 1.5 km from 15 catching sites and within the time (⋜60 h), wind speed (⋝5 km h-1) and temperature (⋝10°C) thresholds used, only 5% of the trajectories failed to locate a possible source and over 90% were completed in 40 h or less. The delphacids Nilaparvata lugens Stål and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) dominated the trap catches (96%) with Cicadellidae (2.3%) and Diptera (0.5%) as the next most numerous. Very few Lepidoptera were reported (<0.3%). Nearly 80% of the trajectories were constructed in the prevailing Winter Monsoon and Trade winds, resulting in a southward displacement of insects towards putative overwintering areas as reported in previous studies. Tropical cyclones in autumn, produced trajectories which differed in both direction and extent from those in the prevailing winds, supporting the suggestion that the contraction of the distribution areas of rice pests at this time of year is the product of a series of movements in different directions. The results suggest that migrations continue throughout the year in the tropics and sub-tropics and indicate that this may be one way the capacity for long distance migration is maintained in some rice pest populations.

scholarly journals Veterinary and sanitary evaluation of rabbit as an important reserve of dietary products

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (96) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
V. A. Kotelevych
Keyword(s):  
Bound Water ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Point System ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Rabbit Meat ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Good Transparency ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The purpose of the study was to perform a comparative veterinary sanitary examination and vetting the rabbit meat of two breeds, depending on the time of year. The subject of the study was 4-month-old male rabbits raised in the private farm, certified with California matured breeds and a Belgian giant (Flanders). According to the principle of analogues, 4 groups of rabbits of 6 heads were formed (2 each in spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons). Before slaughter was determined – the index of abrasion (girth by shoulder blades, divided by the length of the trunk and multiplied by 100%). Carried out anatomical section of carcasses and determined the output of meat. Then they carried out veterinary-sanitary examination by conventional methods. Biochemical studies of meat samples were performed 12 hours after slaughter at storage at 0 – +2 °C. Chemical analysis of the samples included determination of the water content, total protein, ash and macronutrients: Calcium (oxalate method), Phosphorus (photocolorimetric method by A.Yu. Levitsky in AT Usovich's modification). The results were statistically processed using a MS Excel 2003 computer program using a Student's t-test table. The 4-month-old rabbit meat is of California matured breeds and the Belgian giant (flanders) has high, almost equivalent, organoleptic-tasting characteristics. In terms of taste, tenderness, juiciness, color and aroma, the overall average score in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods, respectively, was: California maturity – 4.7–4.8, and 4.6–4.7; Belgian Giant (Flanders) – 4.8–5.0 and 4.7–4.8 points. The broth of experimental rabbit meat had a delicate, sophisticated aroma and taste, good transparency and received the following points on a 5-point system: California matured and flanders in spring and summer – 5.0, in autumn and winter – 4.8 points. A comparative analysis of the breed characteristics of the studied rabbit identical samples revealed that the Belgian giant (flanders) has the highest moisture-holding capacity in the spring-summer period. The amount of bound water in the muscles of 4-month-old rabbits of the Flanders breed is slightly higher, so it will be more tender and juicy after cooking. The highest slaughter yield was determined in 4-month-old rabbits of the Belgian giant (flanders) and Californians reared in the spring-summer period, respectively – 56.51 ± 0.2% and 0.75 ± 0.63% (P ≤ 0.001). Among the 2 breeds of 4-month-old rabbits, the largest live and slaughter weights reached the rabbits grown in spring and summer (respectively: Belgian giant – 3375 ± 27.0 g and 1912.03 ± 19.4 g; Californians – 2956.5 ± 6.74 g and 1502.48 ± 5.89 g (P ≤ 0.001) .The amount of nutrients in rabbit depends on the breed and time of year. The lowest protein content is found in the meat of 4-month-old rabbits of the California maturing breed period) – 15.47 ± 0.58%, and the highest – in 4-month flanders (spring-summer period) – 23.02 ± 0.78% (P ≤ 0.05). not, however, more meaty and less calorie meat is rabbit california matured breed, regardless of the time of year.

scholarly journals Study of Trichoderma Spp. Application on the Incidence of Moler Disease and Shallot's Growth and Yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Yana Mulyana ◽  
Mariana Mariana ◽  
Joko Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Fusarium wilt disease/moler is a concern in onion cultivation. Many farmers apply chemical pesticides such as azoxystrobin and difenoconazole to control the diseases. Both of these chemical pesticides are currently exhibiting a decline in effectiveness, prompting farmers to increase the dosage and frequency of application. Recommendations for biological control, including Trichoderma spp.. This study aimed to determine the influence of application time of of Trichoderma spp. in various media types on the incidence of moler disease and shallot growth and yield. This study was conducted in Tabalong district, South Kalimantan, from February to June 2019 using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial comprising two nested designs. The first factor was the type of media in which Trichoderma spp.. was applied, namely solid and liquid. The second factor was the application time of Trichoderma spp.. Level 1 was the application of Fusarium sp. seven days before planting and Trichoderma spp.. seven days after planting. Level 2 included the application of Trichoderma spp.. seven days before planting and Fusarium sp. simultaneously during planting. Level 3 involved the administration of Trichoderma spp.. concurrently with planting and Fusarium sp. seven days later. This investigation used one positive control (without treatment) and one negative control (shallots inoculated with Fusarium). Each experimental unit was consisted of ten plants and replicated three times. The parameters observed were the incubation period of Fusarium sp., disease incidence, number of leaves, plant height, number of cloves, and average clove weight. The study found that the application time of Trichoderma on various types of media affected the incidence of Fusarium disease, the number of leaves, and the number of shallot cloves.When compared to liquid media, the application of solid media resulted in a reduced incidence of Fusarium disease and a greater frequency of flares. The application time on solid media gave a low response to moles. As for liquid media, the lowest incidence of moler disease occurred at the seven days before planting.

scholarly journals Overview of Optical Digital Measuring Challenges and Technologies in Laser Welded Components in EV Battery Module Design and Manufacturing

Batteries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Heikki Saariluoma ◽  
Aki Piiroinen ◽  
Anna Unt ◽  
Jukka Hakanen ◽  
Tuomo Rautava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Process ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Module Design ◽  
Battery Design ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Component Assembly ◽  
Time Required

Ensuring the precision and repeatability of component assembly in the production of electric vehicle (EV) battery modules requires fast and accurate measuring methods. The durability of EV battery packs depends on the quality of welded connections, therefore exact positioning of the module components is critical for ensuring safety in exploitation. Laser welding is a non-contact process capable of welding dissimilar materials with high precision, for that reason it has become the preferred joining method in battery production. In high volume manufacturing, one of the main production challenges is reducing the time required for assessment of dimensional and geometrical accuracy prior to joining. This paper reviews the challenges of EV battery design and manufacturing and discusses commercially available scanner-based measurement systems suitable for fabrication of battery pack components. Versatility of novel metrological systems creates new opportunities for increasing the production speed, quality and safety of EV battery modules.

scholarly journals Use of a Biological Tracer to Investigate Microbial Aerosols Generated by Heater-Cooler Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s423-s423
Author(s):  
Ginny Moore ◽  
Simon Parks ◽  
Allan Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
Local Decision Making ◽  
Time Required

Background: A multinational outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera endocarditis following cardiac surgery has been attributed to the use of heater-cooler units (HCUs) during cardiopulmonary bypass. It is hypothesized that mycobacteria can be transmitted to the surgical site via the aerosolization of contaminated water from within the unit. In the United Kingdom, M. chimaera infections have been linked to 1 specific make and model of HCU, which was shown to generate microbial aerosols when circulating water. The manufacturer has since modified this HCU and claims that the dispersal of aerosols has now been prevented. M. chimaera is a common contaminant of HCUs, regardless of make, model, and manufacturer. To help inform local decision making, hospitals require evidence that this modified HCU and/or alternative heater-cooler systems can reduce the risk of mycobacterial infection by incorporating design features that prevent the generation of microbial aerosols external to the device. The time required to culture M. chimaera means investigations focusing on naturally or artificially contaminated HCUs are problematic. Instead, specialist aerobiological techniques incorporating a nonpathogenic, aerostable, biological tracer (Bacillus atrophaeus) were used to investigate microbial aerosols generated and released from brand-new and ‘upgraded’ HCUs. Methods: 4 HCUs (A–D), supplied directly by the manufacturers, were filled with filtered tap water, and high numbers of B. atrophaeus (109 CFU/L) were added to the tanks. High-volume cyclone samplers were used to sample the air when each HCU was switched off and during different operational phases. Samplers were operated for 5 minutes and the collecting fluid cultured for B. atrophaeus. The number of colonies was converted to CFU per cubic meter of air. Results: Under controlled experimental conditions, HCU-A released a small but significant level of aerosol during operational phases (eg, cooling) that resulted in increased pressure within the tank. The filler flap was identified as the principal area of aerosol release. The circulation of water within HCU-B and HCU-C was shown to generate an aerosol but, when connected to an ‘aerosol collection set,’ this aerosol was not released. However, it is essential that effective and sufficient vacuum is maintained. There was no aerosol release from HCU-D. Conclusions: A specialist in aerobiology using a biological tracer can determine the level of aerosol released from an HCU and its location. However, transmission of M. chimaera could occur via aerosolization of contaminated water, but it is not the only possible route of infection. The efficacy of recommended decontamination procedures must also be assured.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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