scholarly journals Occurrence and genetic similarity of Diplodia pinea on shoots and cones in seed orchards of Pinus spp. in north-western Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
H.T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi ◽  
A.G.A. Kaya ◽  
A. Lehtijärvi ◽  
F. Oskay ◽  
Ö.D. Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pinus Spp

Diplodia shoot blight disease can cause significant damage on coniferous trees and be particularly injurious to cones, which reduces the amount of seed production and germination. We investigated the disease severity and genetic variation of Diplodia pinea in one Pinus nigra and two P. sylvestris seed orchards. Disease surveys were carried out in İzmit (Marmara region, Turkey) in May 2012. Symptomatic shoots and cones were examined for the presence of pycnidia. Cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied using cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Based on morphological characteristics and results using species specific primers, the pycnidia on shoots and cones were identified as D. pinea. In addition, Random Amplified Microsatellite Sequence (RAMS) analyses indicated that there was a single genet of D. pinea which caused the disease in the seed orchards. All of the 60 sampled trees were found to be infected by the fungus. There were differences in disease severity among the stands.  

scholarly journals First Report of Diplodia pinea on Pseudotsuga menziesii in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. A. Kaya ◽  
A. Lehtijärvi ◽  
Ö. Kaya ◽  
T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Nucleotide Identity ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Pinus Spp

Diplodia pinea is a latent, opportunistic pathogen of Pinus and other coniferous species, including Pseudotsuga menziesii (3). The fungus causes twig blight, branch cankers, tree and seedling collar rot, root rot, and can also infect cones (1). D. pinea has often been reported causing tip and shoot blight on various Pinus spp. in different parts of Turkey. During disease surveys on Pinus spp. carried out in May 2012 in Izmit in the Marmara Region (37°36′54″N, 31°20′00″E), typical shoot blight symptoms of D. pinea infection were also observed on the neighboring P. menziesii trees. Shoots and cones of P. menziesii were investigated for the presence of D. pinea pycnidia. Pycnidia from cones and shoots were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 23°C. Three isolates were obtained from shoot and cone samples. Identification of the pathogen was based on morphological characteristics of the conidia and by PCR of the ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Colonies on PDA were woolly, whitish at first turning black, sometimes partly or entirely turning light gray. Micromorphological characteristics of the Diplodia isolates were similar to those described in (2): conidia width 18.4 μm (SD ± 2.8) (range 11 to 22 μm) × length 34.0 μm (SD ± 5.3) (range 20 to 41 μm) (n = 100). Conidia were at first hyaline, later becoming brown to dark brown, oblong ellipsoid, bicellular with a distinct septum. To confirm the identity of the isolates, genomic DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA was amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). Amplicons were 483 bp in length (GenBank Accession No. KF372874) and shared 98% nucleotide identity with HM100285.1 and 97% nucleotide identity with JX981458.1 of D. pinea. Inoculation tests were performed on 2-year-old P. menziesii seedlings by placing mycelial plugs of three isolates obtained from pycnidia on the main stem after wounding with a cork borer. Control seedlings were inoculated with PDA plugs without mycelium. All seedlings were incubated at 24°C for 3 weeks in a climate chamber. Following incubation, the seedlings displayed dark brown-to-black discoloration, measuring on average 10.7 ± 0.6 cm, of the bark and wood tissues around the inoculation points on the stems. The pathogen was successfully re-isolated from symptomatic stem tissues, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. menziesii as a host of D. pinea in Turkey. P. menziesii is not endemic to Turkey and to date has a limited distribution (approximately 140 ha), but it is an important fast growing tree species for new industrial plantations. References: (1) J. de Wet. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, 2008. (2) J. de Wet et al. Plant Dis. 84:151, 2000. (3) G. Hausner et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 21:256, 1999. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

scholarly journals Shoot Blight Caused by Diplodia pinea on Afghan and Austrian Pines in Texas

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 1056-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ong ◽  
S. Hill ◽  
D. R. Smith ◽  
G. R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Specific Pcr Assay ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Hyphal Tip

Shoot blight was observed on ornamental Afghan (Pinus eldarica) and Austrian pines (P. nigra) at several sites in metropolitan Dallas, TX in the summer of 2005. Shoots were stunted, cankered, often resinous, sometimes curled or crooked at the tips, and bore brown needles that often had been killed before full elongation. Pycnidia on necrotic needles, stems, and cones of each host species yielded conidia characteristic of the fungus Diplodia pinea. Individual conidia and hyphal tip transfers produced pure cultures confirmed as D. pinea using a species-specific PCR assay (1), which allows differentiation from the similar pine shoot blight pathogen D. scrobiculata. Five isolates (three from Afghan pine and two from Austrian pine) were tested for pathogenicity by inoculation of potted 1-year-old Afghan pine seedlings obtained from the Texas Forest Service Nursery. Elongating terminal shoots were wounded by removing a needle pair approximately 2 cm below the shoot apex. A 4-mm-diameter plug cut from an actively growing culture on water agar (WA) was placed fungus side down on the wound. Noncolonized WA plugs were placed on similarly wounded control seedlings. Nonwounded control seedlings also were used. Parafilm was wrapped around the shoots to hold the agar plugs in place and was removed 2 weeks later. Each treatment was applied to four seedlings. Five weeks after inoculation, 9 of the 20 inoculated seedlings (including at least one inoculated with each isolate) exhibited dieback of shoot tips. One wounded control seedling exhibited slight tip dieback, no other nonwounded or wounded control seedlings developed symptoms. Segments of shoots were harvested, surface disinfested, and incubated on WA to determine the presence of the pathogen. The pathogen was reisolated from 11 of the 20 inoculated seedlings but not from any control seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. pinea as a cause of shoot blight of Afghan pine and the first substantiated report of the occurrence of D. pinea in Texas. Although widely distributed in much of eastern North America, reports of the presence of D. pinea in the other southern gulf coast states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, as well as the western states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, are lacking. Reference: (1) D. R. Smith and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:307, 2006.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Bull's Eye Rot of Apple in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvana Soto-Alvear ◽  
Mauricio Lolas ◽  
Inés M. Rosales ◽  
Eduardo R. Chávez ◽  
Bernardo A. Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Bull's Eye

Apple fruit in Chile are primarily produced for export to Asia, Europe, and the United States, which typically requires 15 to 40 days of maritime transportation. Therefore, Chilean apple production must fulfill the sanitization requirements imposed by the receiving countries. Under these circumstances, it was important to clarify the etiology of bull's eye rot that can severely affect ‘Cripps Pink’ apple and other late-harvest cultivars in Chile. Based on morphological characteristics and the partial sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer sequences and β-tubulin genes, Neofabraea alba was identified as the causal agent of the bull's eye rot of Chilean apple. These results were further corroborated using species-specific primers. The incidence of bull's eye rot varied considerably; for instance, in 2009, 0.0 to 58.7% in 38 Cripps Pink orchards surveyed in the relatively arid and humid apple-growing areas of Chile, respectively. There was no evidence for the presence of N. malicorticis or N. perennans, which are commonly identified as causal agents of bull's eye rot in other apple-producing countries. Altogether, these data suggest that N. alba might represent the predominant and possibly the only cause of bull's-eye rot of Chilean apple.

scholarly journals First Report of Wood Canker Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae on Grapevine in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Akgul ◽  
N. G. Savas ◽  
A. Eskalen
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species

The Aegean region (western Turkey) is the center of table, raisin, and wine grape cultivation. During the 2012 growing season, wood canker symptoms were observed in vineyards in Manisa city. Symptoms adjacent to pruning wounds, including shoot dieback and wedge-shaped wood discolorations observed in cross section, were among the most prevalent symptoms of the vines. To identify the causal agents, symptomatic woody tissues were surface disinfested with 95% ethanol and flame-sterilized and the discolored outer bark was cut away. The internal tissues (0.5 cm2) were excised from cankers of vines and plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline (0.01%) (PDA-tet). The most frequently isolated fungi, based on general growth pattern, speed of growth, and colony color, resembled species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. According to morphological characteristics, four different groups have been identified based on visual discrimination. After DNA extraction, ribosomal DNA fragments (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) (2) amplified with ITS4 and ITS5 primers were sequenced and sequences were compared with those deposited in NCBI GenBank database. Four different Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were identified, including Botryosphaeria dothidea (MBAi25AG), Diplodia seriata (MBAi23AG), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (MBAi28AG), and Neofusicoccum parvum (MBAi27AG) (Accession Nos. KF182329, KF182328, KF182331, and KF182330, respectively) with species nomenclature based on Crous et al. (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions (24°C, 16/8-h day/night, 70% RH) on 1-year-old own rooted grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv. Sultana Seedless seedlings using one isolate from each of the Botryosphaeriaceae species specified above. Stems of grapevine seedlings were wounded by removing bark with 4-mm cork borer and fresh mycelial plugs were inoculated into the holes and covered with Parafilm. Sterile PDA plugs were placed into the wounds of control seedlings. Five vines were inoculated per isolate. The experiment was repeated twice. After 4 months of incubation, grapevine seedlings were examined for the extent of vascular discoloration and recovery of fungal isolates. Mean lesion lengths on wood tissues were 85.3, 17.2, 13.9, and 13.1 mm for N. parvum, B. dothidea, L. theobromae, and D. seriata, and 6.3 mm for control. Each fungal isolate was successfully re-isolated from inoculated seedlings to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multiple species in the Botryosphaeriaceae causing wood canker and dieback on grapevine in Turkey. These results are significant because Botryosphaeriaceae species are known causal agents of grapevine trunk disease worldwide (3). References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004. (3) J. R. Urbez-Torres. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 50:S5, 2011.

scholarly journals The Chemical Environment at Maturation Stage in Pinus spp. Somatic Embryogenesis: Implications in the Polyamine Profile of Somatic Embryos and Morphological Characteristics of the Developed Plantlets

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Maiara Marques do Nascimento ◽  
Luiza Giacomolli Polesi ◽  
Franklin Panato Back ◽  
Neusa Steiner ◽  
Miguel Pedro Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Environment ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Maturation Medium ◽  
Pinus Spp

Changes in the chemical environment at the maturation stage in Pinus spp. somatic embryogenesis will be a determinant factor in the conversion of somatic embryos to plantlets. Furthermore, the study of biochemical and morphological aspects of the somatic embryos could enable the improvement of somatic embryogenesis in Pinus spp. In the present work, the influence of different amino acid combinations, carbohydrate sources, and concentrations at the maturation stage of Pinus radiata D. Don and Pinus halepensis Mill. was analyzed. In P. radiata, the maturation medium supplemented with 175 mM of sucrose and an increase in the amino acid mixture (1,100 mgL–1 of L-glutamine, 1,050 mgL–1 of L-asparagine, 350 mgL–1 of L-arginine, and 35 mgL–1 of L-proline) promoted bigger embryos, with a larger stem diameter and an increase in the number of roots in the germinated somatic embryos, improving the acclimatization success of this species. In P. halepensis, the maturation medium supplemented with 175 mM of maltose improved the germination of somatic embryos. The increase in the amount of amino acids in the maturation medium increased the levels of putrescine in the germinated somatic embryos of P. halepensis. We detected significant differences in the amounts of polyamines between somatic plantlets of P. radiata and P. halepensis; putrescine was less abundant in both species. For the first time, in P. radiata and P. halepensis somatic embryogenesis, we detected the presence of cadaverine, and its concentration changed according to the species.

scholarly journals First Report of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and Neofusicoccum luteum Associated with Canker and Dieback of Grapevines in Tunisia

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chebil ◽  
R. Fersi ◽  
A. Yakoub ◽  
S. Chenenaoui ◽  
M. Chattaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
First Report ◽  
Grapevine Dieback ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Neofusicoccum Luteum

In 2011, common symptoms of grapevine dieback were frequently observed in 2- to 5-year-old table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cvs. in four vineyards located in northern Tunisia. The symptoms included dead spur and cordons, shoot dieback, and sunken necrotic bark lesions, which progressed into the trunk resulting in the death of large sections of the vine. Longitudinal and transversal sections of cordons and spurs from symptomatic vines revealed brown wedge-shaped cankers of hard consistency. Twelve symptomatic samples from spur and cordons were collected, surface disinfected by dipping into 5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, and small pieces from the edge of necrotic and healthy tissue were removed and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C in the dark. Based on colony and conidia morphological characteristics, isolates were divided in three species, named Diplodia seriata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Neofusicoccum luteum. D. seriata colonies were gray-brown with dense aerial mycelium producing brown cylindric to ellipsoid conidia rounded at both ends and averaged 22.4 × 11.7 μm (n = 50). B. dothidea colonies were initially white with abundant aerial mycelium, gradually becoming dark green olivaceous. Conidia were fusiform to fusiform elliptical with a subobtuse apex and averaged 24.8 × 4.7 μm (n = 50). N. luteum colonies were initially pale to colorless, gradually darkening with age and becoming gray to dark gray producing a yellow pigment that diffuses into the agar. Conidia were hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, fusiform to fusiform elliptical, and averaged 19.8 × 5.5 μm (n = 50). Identity of the different taxa was confirmed by sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region of the rDNA and part of the elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene. BLAST analysis of sequences indicated that six isolates were identified as D. seriata (GenBank: AY259094, AY343353), one isolate as B. dothidea (AY236949, AY786319) and one isolate as N. luteum (AY259091, AY573217). Sequences were deposited in GenBank under accessions from KC178817 to KC178824 and from KF546829 to KF546836 for ITS region and EF1-α gene, respectively. A pathogenicity test was conducted on detached green shoots cv. Italia for the eight Botryosphaeriaceae isolates. Shoots were inoculated by placing a colonized agar plug (5 mm diameter) from the margin of a 7-day-old colony on fresh wound sites made with a sterilized scalpel. Each wound was covered with moisturized cotton and sealed with Parafilm. Control shoots were inoculated using non-colonized PDA plugs. After 6 weeks, discoloration of xylem and phloem and necrosis with average length of 38.8, 17.6, and 11.2 mm were observed from inoculated shoots with D. seriata, N. luteum, and B. dothidea, respectively, and all three fungi were re-isolated from necrotic tissue, satisfying Koch's postulates. Control shoots showed no symptoms of the disease and no fungus was re-isolated. In Tunisia, Botryosphaeria-related dieback was reported only on citrus tree caused by B. ribis (2), on Pinus spp. caused by D. pinea (4), on Quercus spp. caused by D. corticola (3), and on olive tree (Olea europea) caused by D. seriata (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. seriata, B. dothidea, and N. luteum associated with grapevine dieback in Tunisia. References: (1) M. Chattaoui et al. Plant Dis. 96:905, 2012. (2) H. S. Fawcett. Calif. Citrogr. 16:208, 1931. (3) B. T. Linaldeddu et al. J. Plant Pathol. 91:234. 2009. (4) B. T. Linaldeddu et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 47:258, 2008.

scholarly journals First record of the semi-slug Omalonyx unguis (d’Orbigny, 1837) (Gastropoda, Succineidae) in the Misiones Province, Argentina

Check List ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-712
Author(s):  
Leila B. Guzmán ◽  
Enzo N. Serniotti ◽  
Roberto E. Vogler ◽  
Ariel A. Beltramino ◽  
Alejandra Rumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
First Record ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Specific Identification ◽  
Molluscan Fauna ◽  
Misiones Province ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Northeastern Argentina

Omalonyx unguis (d’Orbigny, 1837) is a semi-slug inhabiting the Paraná river basin. This species belongs to Succineidae, a family comprising a few representatives in South America. In this work, we provide the first record for the species from Misiones Province, Argentina. Previous records available for Omalonyx in Misiones were identified to the genus level. We examined morphological characteristics of the reproductive system and used DNA sequences from cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for species-specific identification. These new distributional data contribute to consolidate the knowledge of the molluscan fauna in northeastern Argentina.

Histology of Diplodia pinea in diseased and latently infected Pinus nigra shoots

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Flowers ◽  
J. R. Hartman ◽  
L. J. Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Latently Infected

Magnitude and efficiency of genetic diversity captured from seed stands of Pinus nigra (Arnold) subsp. pallasiana in established seed orchards and plantations

New Forests ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Çengel ◽  
Yasemin Tayanç ◽  
Gaye Kandemir ◽  
Ercan Velioglu ◽  
Murat Alan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Seed Orchards
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