scholarly journals Nursery Planting Depth, Mulch Application, and Root Pruning at Landscape Planting Affect Tree Health and Anchorage

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ball Surface ◽  
Root Collar

Influence of root collar depth in a nursery root ball and potential root remediation when planting into the landscape are subject of increasing research. Mulch placement on root ball surface at planting has also been called into question recently. Trees planted deeply in nursery containers required ≥41% more time to remove substrate and roots growing over the root collar at planting than trees planted shallowly. Circling roots on trees planted from 170 L containers persisted for five growing seasons after planting into the landscape unless remediated by pruning at planting. Root remediation improved Ulmus and Acer root systems by dramatically reducing percent trunk circled with roots without influencing post-planting xylem potential, crown growth, or anchorage during the first five years after landscape planting. Mulch placed on the root ball surface caused more re-growth of circling roots on Acer—but not Ulmus—following root remediation. Bending stress to tilt trunks was most correlated with cross-sectional area of leeward and straight roots on Ulmus or windward and straight roots on Acer. The initial increase with time in bending stress required to tilt trunks after planting followed by a drop in bending stress suggests that trees planted from nursery containers could be more susceptible to uprooting in a wind storm as they became established beyond three or four years.

scholarly journals Impact of Nursery Root Pruning and Tree Orientation at Planting on Growth and Anchorage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Second Year

Root pruning by shaving 12 L container root balls when shifting to 51 L containers did not impact Acer rubrum L. or Quercus virginiana Mill. root architecture within the top 12 cm of planted 51 L root balls five years later, despite marked differences at planting, and had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter increase. Root pruning in the nursery did not affect bending stress required to tilt Acer trunks up to five degrees (anchorage) either one, two, or three years after landscape planting. In contrast, anchorage was greater the second year after planting Quercus that were root pruned. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery had no impact on Acer or Quercus anchorage, tree height, or trunk diameter. Rotating oak (not maple) trees 180 degrees at planting increased root cross-sectional area growing from the hot (south) side of the root ball when trees were rotated at planting.

scholarly journals Root Pruning at Planting and Planting Depth in the Nursery Impact Root System Morphology and Anchorage

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Christine Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Bending Moment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Trunk Tilt

Quercus virginiana Mill. Highrise® were planted into 10 L and then 57 L plastic nursery containers at two depths for a total of four depth combinations, and then root pruned in one of three different manners when planted into the landscape. Nursery planting depth had no impact on growth in the nursery or bending moment required to tilt trunks in the first two years following landscape planting. Root pruning when planting into landscape by either method tested had no effect on growth the first two years. Number of roots circling inside the root ball was reduced by shaving or deep root ball slicing two growing seasons after planting. Root balls that were either sliced or shaved generated more roots in landscape soil one growing season after landscape planting than those that were not root pruned, which probably explained the greater bending moment required to pull trees out of the ground. Total cross-sectional root area one growing season after landscape planting was greater on shaved trees than those not root pruned at planting. Bending moment at 20 degrees trunk tilt was best correlated with cross sectional area of roots growing straight across the periphery of the root ball and into landscape soil.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Type and Root Pruning on Growth and Anchorage After Planting Acer rubrum L. into Landscape Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Container Type

Acer rubrum L. ‘Florida Flame’ were grown in #3 containers of eight types, then shifted to #15 containers, then finally into #45 containers. Half the trees were root pruned by removing periphery 3 cm of root ball at each shift to larger containers. In addition to and simultaneous with being shifted into successively larger containers, some trees from each container size were planted directly into soil. Type of container and root pruning had no impact on trunk diameter, tree height, or root cross-sectional area on trees planted into soil from any container size. Type of container influenced architecture of planted root systems evaluated when all trees were five-years-old with limited impact on anchorage. Container type only impacted anchorage of trees planted from #45 containers, and impact was small. In contrast, shaving root balls during production substantially reduced imprint left by all containers evaluated when trees were five-years-old. Shaving during production also improved anchorage by 20%–25% compared to not root pruning. More roots grew on north than the south side of tree in the nursery and landscape. Bending stress increased with trunk angle and its square while winching trunks to five degrees tilt.

scholarly journals Influence of Root Pruning and Rootstock on Growth and Performance of `Golden Delicious' Apple

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
M. Knee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
And Performance

`Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple trees on nine rootstocks or interstems were mechanically root pruned annually for 9 years beginning the year after planting. Root pruning reduced trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) by 14% over the first 5 years and 22% in the last 4 years of the trial. Yield and fruit size were reduced by root pruning in most years with the fruit size effect obvious in June at the end of cell division. Interstem trees of MAC.9/MM.106 were larger than trees on M.9 and the following interstems: M.9/MM.106, M.9/MM.111, M.27/MM.111. Trees on seedling (SDL) rootstock were the largest and had the lowest yield per unit TCA and lower cumulative yield/tree than trees on M.7, MM.106, and MM.1ll. There was no interaction for any measure of growth or yield between root pruning and rootstock or interstem.

Morphological and physiological attributes of root systems and seedling growth in three different Picea glauca reforestation stock

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1669-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Krasowski ◽  
J N Owens
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
System Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Forest Sites

The relationship between certain morphological characteristics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) planting stock (STK) and post-planting seedling performance was evaluated. Root system size at planting, its expansion, and its capacity to conduct water during the first post-planting weeks were determined. These characteristics were related to the performance of STK planted on two forest sites and measured for three growing seasons and to the performance of seedlings grown in large wooden boxes buried in the soil outdoors for one growing season (grown without competition from other vegetation). The compared STK were (i) polystyroblock grown, (ii) polystyroblock grown with chemical root pruning, and (iii) peat-board grown with mechanical root pruning. After three growing seasons on forest sites, seedlings with mechanically pruned roots grew more above ground than did seedlings from polystyroblock containers. This difference in seedling growth performance was even more significant for seedlings grown in wooden boxes. Of these, the mechanically pruned seedlings grew more not only above the ground but they also produced larger root systems by the end of the first growing season. This was despite the initially significantly smaller root systems of mechanically pruned seedlings, compared with the other two STK. Early (5-7 weeks after planting) post-planting root expansion patterns in the three STK were significantly different, with the roots of mechanically pruned seedlings growing less than the roots in the other two STK. In spite of this, pressure-probe measured hydraulic conductivity and water flux through root systems increased during the first post-planting weeks in mechanically pruned seedlings while declining or changing little in the other two STK. It was concluded that root system size at planting and its early post-planting expansion did not relate well to the root system hydraulic properties or to the post-planting seedling growth performance.

scholarly journals Effect of Liner Container Size, Root Ball Slicing, and Season of Root Pruning in a Field Nursery on Quercus virginiana Mill. Growth and Anchorage After Transplanting

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Dormant Season

Size of liner, root ball slicing when field planting, and field root pruning season were tested with intention of optimizing posttransplant performance of field-grown nursery stock. Trees planted into a field nursery from three container sizes and either root ball sliced or not when shifted to larger containers or planting to the field nursery, and root pruned in the field nursery in either the dormant season or growing season all had the same trunk diameter (144 mm) and tree height (6.4 m) three years after transplanting into the landscape. Container size influenced root attributes—including number and orientation—and anchorage rating of field-harvested trees. Trees planted from 11 L containers required more bending stress to winch trunks evaluated 12 and 25 months after transplanting than larger containers. Percentage of root systems graded as culls was reduced from 88 to 66 by root pruning when field planting, but root pruning resulted in a slight reduction in anchorage rating. Diameter of the ten largest roots at edge of field-harvested root ball decreased with size of container planted into field soil. Root pruning season had no impact on final tree height (4.3 m) at the conclusion of field production.

scholarly journals Pruning of Buttress Roots and Stability Changes of Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
Liza Holmes ◽  
Bruce Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Pull Tests

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of buttress root pruning on tree stability and to compare different methods of correlating various root parameters to force levels. Ten plantation-grown Acer rubrum (red maple) trees were pulled to an angle of one degree from vertical with measured force, then roots were individually severed near the trunk and the pull tests were repeated until roots had been pruned from 50% of the circumference. Test trees had 6 to 10 buttress roots. There was a nearly direct linear relation between the number of roots removed and the force applied. When comparing four assessment methods to determine pull force change associated with root pruning, the method that had the greatest amount of variability explained by the regression was the comparison of the cross-sectional area of roots cut to the force. However, relating the percentage of buttress roots cut to the force provided only slightly less accurate information, and was more easily collected prior to tree removal.

scholarly journals Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-291
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Forrest Masters
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Trunk Diameter

This research aimed to evaluate impact of slicing the outer edge of container root balls, initial tree size at planting, and root ball composition on post-planting tree stability in a simulated wind storm. One-hundred twenty Cathedral Oak® live oak were planted in March 2005. Thirty field-grown trees were transplanted, and 60 trees of similar size were planted from 170 L containers. Root ball sides on 30 containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty smaller trees from 57 L containers were planted without slicing. Trees were pulled with an electric winch, and blown with a hurricane simulator in 2007. Slicing the root ball had no impact on root growth, bending moment, or bending stress. More bending stress was required to pull field-grown trees than trees planted from containers of either size. Growing trees in containers for three years prior to landscape planting changed root morphology compared to field-grown trees, which corresponded to reduced stability. Trees planted from small containers were as stable as those from larger containers. Root cross-sectional area windward correlated the most with bending stress required to tilt trees with a winch and cable. Bending moment scaled to the 3.4 power of trunk diameter.

scholarly journals The Influence of Cutting Roots on the Growth and Fruiting of ‘Top Group’ Plum Cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Viorel MITRE ◽  
Andreea ANDRECAN ◽  
Sabin MOLNAR ◽  
Maria CODREA ◽  
Vasile MELNIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values

The influence of cutting roots on the growth and fruiting of ‘top group’ plum cultivars (‘Topfirst’, ‘Topfive’, ‘Toptaste’, ‘Tophit’ and ‘Topend Plus’), under the pedoclimatic conditions of Sînmihaiu Almasului, in the centre of Transylvania, Romania, in 2017-2018, was studied. The trees were grafted on Saint Julien rootstock, trained as Zahn Spindel and the orchard had a density of 1000 trees/ha. Roots were cut twice, at 40 cm distance from the trunk, in an angle of 45° and 30 cm depth, as followed: first time in the autumn during the fall of leaves, on one side of the row and the second time in spring, at blooming time, on the other side of the row. The measurements were done each year after the leaves have been fallen. There were made observations on some growth parameters (length of shoots, height of trees, trunk sectional area, the fruits and vegetative branches ratio) and fructification (average yield for 2017-2018 period, and was determined the productivity index). The treatments influenced the shoot growth, height of the trees, cumulative yield, trunk cross sectional area, the ratio of the yield to a trunk sectional area, with differences statistically assured. Root pruning reduced the average length of shoots. The longest shoots, in mean values, gave the unpruned root variant (131.0 cm). Root pruning decreased the average length of annual growth (51.1 cm). The biggest average trunk cross sectional area with the unpruned root system was obtained (58.7 cm2). Also root pruning influenced the height of the trees. The best cumulative yield was obtained in the variant of root pruning system (28.75 t/ha) followed by the unpruned root system (25.87 t/ha). Finally, root pruning increased productivity. The biggest value was registered in ‘Tophit’ in the root pruned variant (0.73 kg/cm2). The lowest value of productivity index was obtained in the unpruned system.

Accuracy and precision of measuring cross-sectional area in stem disks of Douglas-fir infected by Armillaria root disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1542-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike G Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Irregular Shapes ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Disk Area

Stem cross-sectional areas were checked for accuracy and precision of area measurements in healthy and Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink infected 18-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Ten trees were randomly selected in each combination of two size classes and four infection classes, and stem disks were taken at the soil line (0 m) and at 1.3 m. Disks were marked at the longest radius, 90° to the longest radius, the shortest radius, and at radii determined by the sum of the largest diameter and the diameter at 90° divided by four. These radii were used to calculate cross-sectional area, then these calculated areas were compared with the corresponding digitized areas. Cross-sectional areas calculated from radial measurements were generally not within 5% of digitized areas. Radii were also drawn on the disks corresponding to the positions at which healthy and infected roots arose from the root collar below. For 0-m disks, the stem radii over healthy roots averaged 7 mm longer than over infected roots. At 1.3 m, the stem radii over healthy roots were 4 mm longer, but this was reduced with increasing infection of the root system. Offset piths and irregular shapes formed because of radial reduction over infected roots, and corresponding radial expansion over healthy roots affected the accuracy of disk area estimation.

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