scholarly journals Root Pruning at Planting and Planting Depth in the Nursery Impact Root System Morphology and Anchorage

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Christine Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Bending Moment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Trunk Tilt

Quercus virginiana Mill. Highrise® were planted into 10 L and then 57 L plastic nursery containers at two depths for a total of four depth combinations, and then root pruned in one of three different manners when planted into the landscape. Nursery planting depth had no impact on growth in the nursery or bending moment required to tilt trunks in the first two years following landscape planting. Root pruning when planting into landscape by either method tested had no effect on growth the first two years. Number of roots circling inside the root ball was reduced by shaving or deep root ball slicing two growing seasons after planting. Root balls that were either sliced or shaved generated more roots in landscape soil one growing season after landscape planting than those that were not root pruned, which probably explained the greater bending moment required to pull trees out of the ground. Total cross-sectional root area one growing season after landscape planting was greater on shaved trees than those not root pruned at planting. Bending moment at 20 degrees trunk tilt was best correlated with cross sectional area of roots growing straight across the periphery of the root ball and into landscape soil.

scholarly journals Impact of Nursery Root Pruning and Tree Orientation at Planting on Growth and Anchorage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Second Year

Root pruning by shaving 12 L container root balls when shifting to 51 L containers did not impact Acer rubrum L. or Quercus virginiana Mill. root architecture within the top 12 cm of planted 51 L root balls five years later, despite marked differences at planting, and had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter increase. Root pruning in the nursery did not affect bending stress required to tilt Acer trunks up to five degrees (anchorage) either one, two, or three years after landscape planting. In contrast, anchorage was greater the second year after planting Quercus that were root pruned. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery had no impact on Acer or Quercus anchorage, tree height, or trunk diameter. Rotating oak (not maple) trees 180 degrees at planting increased root cross-sectional area growing from the hot (south) side of the root ball when trees were rotated at planting.

scholarly journals Nursery Planting Depth, Mulch Application, and Root Pruning at Landscape Planting Affect Tree Health and Anchorage

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ball Surface ◽  
Root Collar

Influence of root collar depth in a nursery root ball and potential root remediation when planting into the landscape are subject of increasing research. Mulch placement on root ball surface at planting has also been called into question recently. Trees planted deeply in nursery containers required ≥41% more time to remove substrate and roots growing over the root collar at planting than trees planted shallowly. Circling roots on trees planted from 170 L containers persisted for five growing seasons after planting into the landscape unless remediated by pruning at planting. Root remediation improved Ulmus and Acer root systems by dramatically reducing percent trunk circled with roots without influencing post-planting xylem potential, crown growth, or anchorage during the first five years after landscape planting. Mulch placed on the root ball surface caused more re-growth of circling roots on Acer—but not Ulmus—following root remediation. Bending stress to tilt trunks was most correlated with cross-sectional area of leeward and straight roots on Ulmus or windward and straight roots on Acer. The initial increase with time in bending stress required to tilt trunks after planting followed by a drop in bending stress suggests that trees planted from nursery containers could be more susceptible to uprooting in a wind storm as they became established beyond three or four years.

scholarly journals Corner’s rules pass the test of time: little effect of phenology on leaf–shoot and other scaling relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Fajardo ◽  
Juan P Mora ◽  
Etienne Robert
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Scaling Relationship

Abstract Background and Aims Twig cross-sectional area and the surface area of leaves borne on it are expected to be isometrically correlated across species (Corner’s rules). However, how stable this relationship remains in time is not known. We studied inter- and intraspecific twig leaf area–cross-sectional area (la–cs) and other scaling relationships, including the leaf–shoot mass (lm–sm) scaling relationship, across a complete growing season. We also examined the influence of plant height, deciduousness and the inclusion of reproductive buds on the stability of the scaling relationships, and we discuss results from a functional perspective. Methods We collected weekly current-year twigs of six Patagonian woody species that differed in growth form and foliar habit. We also used prominent inflorescences from Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) to assess whether reproductive buds alter the la–cs isometric relationship. Mixed effects models were fitted to obtain parameter estimates and to test whether interaction terms were non-significant (invariant) for the scaling relationships. Key Results The slope of the la–cs scaling relationship remained invariant across the growing season. Two species showed contrasting and disproportional (allometric) la–cs scaling relationships (slope ≠ 1). Scaling relationships varied significantly across growth form and foliar habit. The lm–sm scaling relationship differed between reproductive- and vegetative-origin twigs in E. coccineum, which was explained by a significantly lower leaf mass per area in the former. Conclusions Although phenology during the growing season appeared not to change leaf–shoot scaling relationships across species, we show that scaling relationships departed from the general trend of isometry as a result of within-species variation, growth form, foliar habit and the type of twig. The identification of these functional factors helps to understand variation in the general trend of Corner’s rules.

scholarly journals Influence of Root Pruning and Rootstock on Growth and Performance of `Golden Delicious' Apple

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
M. Knee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
And Performance

`Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple trees on nine rootstocks or interstems were mechanically root pruned annually for 9 years beginning the year after planting. Root pruning reduced trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) by 14% over the first 5 years and 22% in the last 4 years of the trial. Yield and fruit size were reduced by root pruning in most years with the fruit size effect obvious in June at the end of cell division. Interstem trees of MAC.9/MM.106 were larger than trees on M.9 and the following interstems: M.9/MM.106, M.9/MM.111, M.27/MM.111. Trees on seedling (SDL) rootstock were the largest and had the lowest yield per unit TCA and lower cumulative yield/tree than trees on M.7, MM.106, and MM.1ll. There was no interaction for any measure of growth or yield between root pruning and rootstock or interstem.

scholarly journals Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1364-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.

Morphological and physiological attributes of root systems and seedling growth in three different Picea glauca reforestation stock

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1669-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Krasowski ◽  
J N Owens
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
System Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Forest Sites

The relationship between certain morphological characteristics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) planting stock (STK) and post-planting seedling performance was evaluated. Root system size at planting, its expansion, and its capacity to conduct water during the first post-planting weeks were determined. These characteristics were related to the performance of STK planted on two forest sites and measured for three growing seasons and to the performance of seedlings grown in large wooden boxes buried in the soil outdoors for one growing season (grown without competition from other vegetation). The compared STK were (i) polystyroblock grown, (ii) polystyroblock grown with chemical root pruning, and (iii) peat-board grown with mechanical root pruning. After three growing seasons on forest sites, seedlings with mechanically pruned roots grew more above ground than did seedlings from polystyroblock containers. This difference in seedling growth performance was even more significant for seedlings grown in wooden boxes. Of these, the mechanically pruned seedlings grew more not only above the ground but they also produced larger root systems by the end of the first growing season. This was despite the initially significantly smaller root systems of mechanically pruned seedlings, compared with the other two STK. Early (5-7 weeks after planting) post-planting root expansion patterns in the three STK were significantly different, with the roots of mechanically pruned seedlings growing less than the roots in the other two STK. In spite of this, pressure-probe measured hydraulic conductivity and water flux through root systems increased during the first post-planting weeks in mechanically pruned seedlings while declining or changing little in the other two STK. It was concluded that root system size at planting and its early post-planting expansion did not relate well to the root system hydraulic properties or to the post-planting seedling growth performance.

Study on Bending Behaviors of Φ500 PHC Pile

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong Xia ◽  
Huang Xu ◽  
Han Dong Xu ◽  
Rong Jun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Single Pile ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yangtze River Delta Region ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
The Yangtze River Delta

Because of the smaller cross-sectional area, the flexural properties often become the controlling factor in PHC pile. Φ500 PHC is widely used as an engineering design pile in the Yangtze River Delta region. On the basis of the analysis of pile soil interaction mechanism, the single Pile under different conditions is discussed. The parameters are discussed in this article are PHC piles wall thickness, horizontal loads, bending moments, pile elastic modulus and other engineering parameters.The studies show that, the distribution of bending moment and shear is significant in 2 ~ 4m below the top surface of the pile, and after 6m, the value of them closes to 0. The main sphere of influence of the single pile bending moment and shear is concentrated at 3 ~ 4m below the top surface of the pile. Along with horizontal load enlargement, the maximum bending moment is mainly concentrated at 1.5 m below the top surface of the pile, and the maximum pile shear is mainly concentrated at 1.9 m below the top surface of the pile. Along with bending moment on the top of the pile enlarge, the maximum bending moment is mainly concentrated at 2.5 m below the top surface of the pile, and the maximum pile shear is mainly concentrated at 3.0m below the top surface of the pile. Optimize sectional area of Φ500 PHC should be selected as 0.17, and the wall thickness should be selected as 170mm.

scholarly journals Production Method and Irrigation Effects Postplanting Root Morphology of Quercus virginiana

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 605f-606
Author(s):  
Michael D. Marshall ◽  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Quercus virginiana trees were container-grown (CG) or field-grown (FG) to a mean trunk diameter of 9.4 cm (3.7 inches), transplanted into sandy soil, and established with frequent or periodic irrigation. Three years after transplanting, trees were harvested with a 1.5-m- (60-inch-) diameter tree spade. Root number and root cross-sectional area was evaluated at the periphery of the tree spade-dug root ball. Despite similar increases in trunk diameter, FG trees had greater root number and root cross-sectional area than CG trees. The increase in root cross-sectional area occurred for roots 5 to 20 mm in diameter at the 0- to 25-cm and 75- to 100-cm soil depths. Irrigation frequency after transplanting had no effect on root number in FG trees; however, root number in CG trees decreased without frequent irrigation.

Discussion about the Limit Span of Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge and Influencing Factors

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 1473-1476
Author(s):  
Qiong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Static Analysis ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Suspension Bridge ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strength Limit ◽  
Main Cable ◽  
Limit Span

Based on the material strength limit conditions of cable and stiffening girder, the static analysis of self-anchored suspension bridge was calculated. The stiffening girder of self-anchored suspension bridge was assimilated with elastic foundation girder. Considering of the action of both axial force and bending moment, the limit span of self-anchored suspension bridge was discussed. The limit span equation of three-span self-anchored suspension bridge with two towers was deduced. The influencing factors, such as ratio of rise to span of main cable, cross-sectional area and spacing of hangers, are studied, and the corresponding limit spans were given. It can provide valuable reference for the primary design of self-anchored suspension bridge.

Bud production of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii) seedlings: response to shrub and hardwood competition

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
Thomas F. Hughes ◽  
Steven D. Tesch
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Area Growth

Shrubs and hardwoods in five plantations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in southwestern Oregon were treated to obtain four or five levels of competition; cover ranged from 0 (complete control) to 100% (no treatment). On four of the five plantations, Douglas-fir seedlings significantly increased bud production on the leader in the first growing season after treatment. Buds were more responsive to level of competition than were leader length or growth in stem diameter, for which significant differences were not usually observed until the second growing season after treatment. Bud number on the leader apparently is a good indicator of seedling vigor. Leader, stem diameter, and stem cross-sectional area growth in the 2nd and 3rd years after treatment were positively correlated with the number of buds produced on the leader in the first growing season following treatment.

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