scholarly journals Effect of Liner Container Size, Root Ball Slicing, and Season of Root Pruning in a Field Nursery on Quercus virginiana Mill. Growth and Anchorage After Transplanting

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Dormant Season

Size of liner, root ball slicing when field planting, and field root pruning season were tested with intention of optimizing posttransplant performance of field-grown nursery stock. Trees planted into a field nursery from three container sizes and either root ball sliced or not when shifted to larger containers or planting to the field nursery, and root pruned in the field nursery in either the dormant season or growing season all had the same trunk diameter (144 mm) and tree height (6.4 m) three years after transplanting into the landscape. Container size influenced root attributes—including number and orientation—and anchorage rating of field-harvested trees. Trees planted from 11 L containers required more bending stress to winch trunks evaluated 12 and 25 months after transplanting than larger containers. Percentage of root systems graded as culls was reduced from 88 to 66 by root pruning when field planting, but root pruning resulted in a slight reduction in anchorage rating. Diameter of the ten largest roots at edge of field-harvested root ball decreased with size of container planted into field soil. Root pruning season had no impact on final tree height (4.3 m) at the conclusion of field production.

scholarly journals Impact of Nursery Root Pruning and Tree Orientation at Planting on Growth and Anchorage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Second Year

Root pruning by shaving 12 L container root balls when shifting to 51 L containers did not impact Acer rubrum L. or Quercus virginiana Mill. root architecture within the top 12 cm of planted 51 L root balls five years later, despite marked differences at planting, and had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter increase. Root pruning in the nursery did not affect bending stress required to tilt Acer trunks up to five degrees (anchorage) either one, two, or three years after landscape planting. In contrast, anchorage was greater the second year after planting Quercus that were root pruned. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery had no impact on Acer or Quercus anchorage, tree height, or trunk diameter. Rotating oak (not maple) trees 180 degrees at planting increased root cross-sectional area growing from the hot (south) side of the root ball when trees were rotated at planting.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Type and Root Pruning on Growth and Anchorage After Planting Acer rubrum L. into Landscape Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Container Type

Acer rubrum L. ‘Florida Flame’ were grown in #3 containers of eight types, then shifted to #15 containers, then finally into #45 containers. Half the trees were root pruned by removing periphery 3 cm of root ball at each shift to larger containers. In addition to and simultaneous with being shifted into successively larger containers, some trees from each container size were planted directly into soil. Type of container and root pruning had no impact on trunk diameter, tree height, or root cross-sectional area on trees planted into soil from any container size. Type of container influenced architecture of planted root systems evaluated when all trees were five-years-old with limited impact on anchorage. Container type only impacted anchorage of trees planted from #45 containers, and impact was small. In contrast, shaving root balls during production substantially reduced imprint left by all containers evaluated when trees were five-years-old. Shaving during production also improved anchorage by 20%–25% compared to not root pruning. More roots grew on north than the south side of tree in the nursery and landscape. Bending stress increased with trunk angle and its square while winching trunks to five degrees tilt.

scholarly journals Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Establishment of Quercus virginiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Potential Field ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Establishment Rate

Significant differences may exist in establishment rate between trees planted from containers and those from field nursery. Containergrown plants have root balls with deflected roots which could impact establishment. Slicing root balls at planting could improve postplanting performance of container-grown trees. Sixty live oak 170 L containers were planted into landscape field soil. Root balls from 30 of these containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty field-grown trees of slightly larger size, and 30 smaller trees from 57 L containers, were also planted. During dry periods in the first 432 days after planting (DAP), 57 L container trees had the least negative xylem potential. Field-grown trees had the most negative xylem potential when irrigation was withheld 12 DAP. Slicing root balls had little impact on xylem water potential in drought. Defoliation was greater for 170 L container trees than for 57 L containers. Trunk diameter increase of 57 L containers and field-grown trees was greater than for 170 L containers. Field-grown trees grew less in height. Root system radius was similar for 170 L containers and field-grown trees, and greater than 57 L containers. Small trees appear to establish quicker than larger trees.

scholarly journals Impact of Landscape Tree Stabilization System and Nursery Production Method on Anchorage and Growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Stabilization System ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
One Year

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth and anchorage one year after landscape planting of red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Florida Flame’) from both a field and container nursery that were stabilized with above- or belowground systems. Trunk diameter increased more for trees planted from containers with soilless substrate (17 mm) than trees with a soil root ball from a field nursery (14 mm); however, there was no impact of nursery production method on tree height. Trees secured with a guying system grew less in trunk diameter than trees secured with a belowground system, with a tall wood stake system, or the non-staked control. Guyed trees were taller than trees secured with a root-ball stabilization system. More bending stress was required to winch trees transplanted from the field nursery than trees from containers immediately after releasing stakes one year after planting. There was no difference among stabilization systems in bending stress to winch to any trunk tilt angle, indicating similar anchorage across systems. Moreover, trees stabilized for one year required the same bending stress to winch as controls, indicating that stabilizing trees for one year with any of the systems tested did not reduce anchorage compared to non-stabilized trees.

scholarly journals Root Pruning and Planting Depth Impact Root Morphology in Containers

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael Orfanedes
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
One Year ◽  
Tree Quality

Increasingly, producers and consumers are realizing that roots play a major role in nursery tree quality. To remain competitive, producers need to find economically viable methods of increasing quality standards. Two studies were designed to test methods of improving root systems in a container root ball. In the first, three different root pruning methods and two planting depths were imposed as 3.7 liter (1 gal) container-grown Royal poinciana [Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.] and trumpet-tree [Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton] were shifted to 25 liter (6.6 gal) containers. Root pruning and planting depth had no impact on trunk caliper or tree height. Vertical root ball slicing or shaving off the periphery of the root ball increased the number of straight roots inside root balls and reduced the presence of deflected roots, but shaving had a greater effect and was associated with consistently high-quality root systems. Trees planted with the top-most root 10 cm (4 in) below the 25 liter (6.6 gal) container substrate surface had more deflected roots and fewer straight roots than trees planted with roots close to the surface. In the second study, teasing or shaving live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘SNDL’) in 3.7 liter (1 gal) container root balls resulted in identical root systems in 57 liter (15 gal) containers one year later, and both treatments resulted in higher quality root systems than trees not root pruned.

scholarly journals Container and Landscape Planting Depth and Root Ball Shaving Affects Magnolia grandiflora Root Architecture and Landscape Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Weather Event ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Tree Height Growth

Plants were grown in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of planting depth in nursery containers and at a landscape installation to study effects on root architecture, growth, and mechanical stability of Magnolia grandiflora L. Planting depth into containers or landscape soil had no impact on bending stress to tilt trunks 40 months after landscape planting, and impacted neither trunk diameter nor tree height growth 68 months later. Trees planted 128 mm deep into 170 L containers had more circling roots at landscape planting and 68 months later than trees planted shallow in containers. Root pruning at landscape planting reduced the container imprint rating on the root system to one-third of that absent root pruning with only a 4 mm reduction in trunk diameter growth over 68 months. Improvement in root architecture from root pruning likely outweighs the rarely encountered downside of slightly less anchorage in an extreme weather event simulated by winching trunks. Trees planted 5 cm above grade were slightly—but significantly—less stable in landscape than trees planted deeper (10 cm below grade). Root pruning at planting to remove roots on root ball periphery appeared to improve root architecture while only slightly impacting growth and anchorage.

scholarly journals Root Pruning but not Irrigation in the Nursery Affects Live Oak Root Balls and Digging Survival

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Survival Trees ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Irrigation placement and irrigation volume during field production of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) in a sandy soil had no effect on trunk caliper [mean = 6.3 cm (2.5 in)] or tree height [mean = 3.8 m (12.4 ft)]. Root pruning had no impact on caliper and a slight (P < 0.06) impact on height. Irrigation placement and volume had little effect on number of cut roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with a hand spade or in combination with root-pruning fabric placed under the liner at planting increased the number of roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with fabric in combination with spade pruning increased the small-diameter (<5 mm) root weight: shoot ratio but reduced the total root weight: shoot ratio. Irrigation placement and volume during production did not affect summer nor winter digging survival. Trees that were not root pruned had poorer survival in the summer and winter digging seasons than those receiving either of the root-pruned treatments. In contrast, summer and winter survival was similar for root-pruned trees indicating that live oak can be dug in summer as well as the more traditional winter period as long as trees are root pruned during production. Trees pruned with fabric placed under the liner at planting in combination with spade pruning survived better than traditional spade root pruned trees.

scholarly journals Impact of Paclobutrazol on Root-pruned Live Oak

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Russell K. Book
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the overall growth and vitality of root-pruned, field-grown live oak (Quercus virginiana). Live oak trees with 10-cm trunk diameter (measured 30 cm aboveground) were treated with full rate (0.8 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ as basal drenches, full or half rate (0.8 or 0.4 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ and trenching at 45 cm from trunk, full or half rate of PBZ and trenching at 60 cm from trunk, trenching alone at 45 or 60 cm from trunk, and only water. Trunk diameter and canopy growth was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) and new root growth was also reduced by applications of PBZ, root pruning, or both. Starch content in twigs decreased and glucose content increased on treatment by full-label rates of PBZ and root pruning at 60 cm. PBZ and/or root pruning caused slight improvements in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Results of this research indicate that PBZ (full rate) in combination with root pruning (45 cm) reduces tree growth and exhibits an overregulation effect for at least 16 months after treatment. Therefore, PBZ applications on root-pruned trees can temporarily decrease root and tree growth and improve foliage chlorophyll fluorescence.

scholarly journals Synthetic and Biorational Fungicides Compared for the Control of Three Foliar Diseases of Flowering Dogwood

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
A.K. Hagan ◽  
J.R. Akridge
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
One Year

Abstract The biorational fungicides Neem Concentrate, SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil®, Rhapsody® were compared with the synthetic fungicides Eagle® 40W, Immunox®, Liquid Systemic Fungicide®, and 3336™ 50W for the control of spot anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot, and powdery mildew on ‘Rubra’ flowering dogwood. In 2003, 2004, and 2005, fungicide treatments were applied at label rates at 1- and/or 2-week intervals over a period that coincided with the onset spot anthracnose and powdery mildew but before the appearance of Cercospora leaf spot. With few exceptions, the synthetic fungicides gave better control of the above diseases than biorational fungicides. Eagle 40W, Immunox, Liquid Systemic Fungicide, and 3336 50W gave equal control of the bract and leaf spot phases of spot anthracnose. Most notable was the carryover of control of the bract spot phase of spot anthracnose into the spring of the following year with the synthetic fungicides. While some control of spot anthracnose was seen in at least one year with the biorational fungicides, none was as effective as the synthetic fungicides. In 2003 and 2004, Neem Concentrate, SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil, and Rhapsody, when applied weekly controlled powdery mildew as effectively as the synthetic fungicides. Efficacy of the biorational fungicides declined under severe powdery mildew pressure in 2005. While Cercospora leaf spot development was slowed by the Eagle 40W, Liquid Systemic Fungicide, and 3336 50W, the biorational fungicides as well as the retail product Immunox also gave some control. An objectionable mottling of the leaves was noted on the flowering dogwood treated with SunSpray Ultra Fine Oil. Control of these diseases with the synthetic or biorational fungicides did not result in an increase in tree height or trunk diameter. While the biorational fungicides demonstrated sufficient efficacy for controlling powdery mildew on flowering dogwood in the landscape, they often failed to provide the level of control of this disease as well as spot anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot needed to produce quality container- and field-grown nursery stock.

scholarly journals Propagation Container Type, Time in Container, and Root Pruning Affect Root Development of Young Acer rubrum

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Dustin Meador ◽  
Paul Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Container Type

Numerous propagation containers have been developed in an effort to reduce root deformities on tree and shrub nursery stock. Root attributes in containers are also impacted by retention time in the container. A popular shade tree, Acer rubrum L., was grown in 6 different propagation containers for two time periods and root pruned or not before shifting to 10 liter (3 gal) black plastic containers to evaluate root system quality. Root pruning when shifting into larger 10 liter (3 gal) containers resulted in more structural roots, adventitious roots from cuts, and woody second-order roots, growing closer to the substrate surface due to a reduced angle of departure from the trunk. Root pruning improved root system quality by increasing the number of straight, radially-oriented roots growing from all propagation containers except for Ellepots placed in contact with other Ellepots which had an equivalent high number of straight roots without pruning. By many measures, all propagation container types produced nearly equivalent root systems provided root balls were mechanically pruned by shaving off roots on the periphery when shifting to 10 liter (3 gal) containers. However, root pruning when shifting had no effect on mortality or trunk diameter growth in 10 liter (3 gal) containers. Without root pruning, the propagation container type and retention time had a large influence on root morphology in 10 liter (3 gal) containers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document