scholarly journals Pruning of Buttress Roots and Stability Changes of Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
Liza Holmes ◽  
Bruce Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Pull Tests

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of buttress root pruning on tree stability and to compare different methods of correlating various root parameters to force levels. Ten plantation-grown Acer rubrum (red maple) trees were pulled to an angle of one degree from vertical with measured force, then roots were individually severed near the trunk and the pull tests were repeated until roots had been pruned from 50% of the circumference. Test trees had 6 to 10 buttress roots. There was a nearly direct linear relation between the number of roots removed and the force applied. When comparing four assessment methods to determine pull force change associated with root pruning, the method that had the greatest amount of variability explained by the regression was the comparison of the cross-sectional area of roots cut to the force. However, relating the percentage of buttress roots cut to the force provided only slightly less accurate information, and was more easily collected prior to tree removal.

scholarly journals Sapwood Cuts and Their Impact on Tree Stability

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
Brian Kane ◽  
Wesley Autio ◽  
Liza Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
The Impact

Sapwood may be lost due to wood decay fungi or mechanical damage. Assessing the impact of sapwood loss on the likelihood of tree failure has not been empirically tested. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the loss of sapwood on the flexural stiffness of tree trunks for different species and trunk sizes. Three tree species (Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Quercus acutissima) were tested at two sites using pull testing techniques. A portion of the stem was mechanically removed and the trees were again pull tested. As the percent reduction in cross-sectional area increased, the percent reduction in stress to deflect trunks decreased linearly, regardless of species. Stress from sapwood loss was compared to an equivalent calculated loss in heartwood with the same cross-sectional area. The calculated loss of heartwood to cause an equivalent magnitude of stress was almost twice as large as cut area of sapwood. Trees were also tested by pulling in opposite directions with respect to sapwood loss. The percentage reduction in stress was greater for trees tested in compression.

scholarly journals Impact of Nursery Root Pruning and Tree Orientation at Planting on Growth and Anchorage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Second Year

Root pruning by shaving 12 L container root balls when shifting to 51 L containers did not impact Acer rubrum L. or Quercus virginiana Mill. root architecture within the top 12 cm of planted 51 L root balls five years later, despite marked differences at planting, and had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter increase. Root pruning in the nursery did not affect bending stress required to tilt Acer trunks up to five degrees (anchorage) either one, two, or three years after landscape planting. In contrast, anchorage was greater the second year after planting Quercus that were root pruned. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery had no impact on Acer or Quercus anchorage, tree height, or trunk diameter. Rotating oak (not maple) trees 180 degrees at planting increased root cross-sectional area growing from the hot (south) side of the root ball when trees were rotated at planting.

scholarly journals Influence of Root Pruning and Rootstock on Growth and Performance of `Golden Delicious' Apple

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
M. Knee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
And Performance

`Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple trees on nine rootstocks or interstems were mechanically root pruned annually for 9 years beginning the year after planting. Root pruning reduced trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) by 14% over the first 5 years and 22% in the last 4 years of the trial. Yield and fruit size were reduced by root pruning in most years with the fruit size effect obvious in June at the end of cell division. Interstem trees of MAC.9/MM.106 were larger than trees on M.9 and the following interstems: M.9/MM.106, M.9/MM.111, M.27/MM.111. Trees on seedling (SDL) rootstock were the largest and had the lowest yield per unit TCA and lower cumulative yield/tree than trees on M.7, MM.106, and MM.1ll. There was no interaction for any measure of growth or yield between root pruning and rootstock or interstem.

scholarly journals Effects of Root Pruning on Container-Grown Maple and Oak

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
Donna Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Similar Growth

Two experiments were conducted on container-grown plants that were actively growing in spring to evaluate the effects of root pruning prior to repotting or planting in a field plot. In experiment 1, severe root pruning significantly reduced height and trunk diameter growth for both ‘Summer Red’ maple (Acer rubrum L) and overcup oak (Quercus lyrata Walt.) after repotting into a larger container. Shoot and root dry weights were less with plants severely root pruned compared to plants that were not root pruned or had been lightly root pruned. Overcup oaks that received no root pruning or were lightly root pruned did not differ in height or trunk growth 24 weeks after study initiation. However, overcup oaks severely root pruned had brown foliage within 10 days of repotting and within 2 months had extensive dieback, which resulted in negative height growth by the end of the study. In experiment 2, ‘Autumn Flame’ red maple that received no root pruning had similar growth to plants that had light root pruning, but was greater than plants that received moderate or severe root pruning during the first growing season in the field. Autumn Flame red maples severely root pruned prior to field planting had 65% less height growth than plants receiving no root pruning during year 1. After four years, shoot and trunk diameter growth was similar among treatments. The number of circling roots at the soil surface decreased as the amount of root pruning increased.

scholarly journals Root Pruning Red Maple and Washington Hawthorn Liners Does Not Affect Harvested Root Length After Two Years of Field Production

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-129
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Field Growth ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Field Production

Abstract Root pruning field-grown trees during production can increase harvested root length, but it is a time consuming and expensive practice. Root pruning before lining out instead of during production is much faster and cheaper. This study tested the effect of root pruning red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum (L.f.) Medic.) trees. Bare-root liners were root pruned before planting in nursery rows, and top growth, shoot: root ratios, and harvested root length within rootballs were measured after two years of field growth. Pruning root systems back 25%, 50%, or 75% had little effect on top growth or shoot:root ratios for either species.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Decompaction and Amendment on Root Growth and Architecture in Red Maple ( Acer rubrum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 428-432
Author(s):  
William Hascher ◽  
Christina Wells
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Root Parameters

The Terravent TMsoil injection device (Pinnacle Concepts, Ltd., Cornwall, UK) uses compressed nitrogen gas to fracture compacted soil and permits the subsequent injection of liquid amendments. In the current study, we measured fine root growth and architecture in soil that had received one of four treatments: 1) Terravent injections, 2) Terravent injections followed by liquid amendment (MycorTree® Injectable; PHC, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.), 3) addition of amendment only, and 4) an untreated control. The experiment was conducted on ten red maples (Acer rubrum) growing on a moderately compacted urban clay soil next to a busy road on the Clemson University campus. Treatments were applied in April 2002. Seven weeks later, soil cores were pulled from locations adjacent to the injection sites, and fine roots (less than 2 mm [0.08 in] in diameter) from each core were washed free of soil. A variety of root parameters were measured, including length, surface area, diameter distribution, and mass. Terravent treatment had no effect on any root parameters measured. Application of MycorTree was associated with small, statistically significant reductions in root diameter, root mass density (mg root/cm 3soil), and root surface area density (cm 2root/cm 3soil).

scholarly journals Root Growth of Red Maple following Planting from Containers

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
High Water ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Root Area ◽  
A Site

Post-planting root development of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) on a well-drained site was compared with that on a site with a high water table. Container-grown red maple planted in 1985 were excavated in 1988 and cross-sectional root area (CSRA) calculated for roots >1 cm diameter, 5 cm beyond the edge of the original container rootball. Adventitious roots were generated in the field after planting, not in the container. Total adventitious CSRA was three times greater than CSRA of roots generated from the original container-produced root system. The number of adventitious roots (7.6) generated from the trunk and primary root after planting was greater than the number of roots originating from the existing root system (4.2). Adventitious root origin on both sites was within 5 cm of the soil surface, above the often circling, kinked, or twisted roots found within the container root ball. Four of the five largest roots were of adventitious origin. Root number, size, and growth rate were not modified by differences in cultural and environmental conditions between sites.

scholarly journals PRUNING VS. TREE REMOVAL OF CROWDED `HARTLEY' (JUGLANS REGIA) TREE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 619b-619
Author(s):  
Wilbur Reil ◽  
David Ramos ◽  
Ronald Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Tree Thinning ◽  
Canopy Management

Two management systems were initiated in a 10 year old Juglans regia cv. Hartley orchard planted 8 m. × 8 m. in 1977. Annual dormant selective pruning was practiced for the next 8 years on all trees within one treatment (pruning) compared to dormant severe pruning on alternate temporary trees with no pruning on adjacent permanent trees (thinning). Temporary trees were removed in the thinning treatment in 1985. Yield, trunk cross sectional area, pruning weight and nut quality factors were evaluated each year from the 5 replicate, completely randomized trial. Yield and nut quality factors did not differ between the two treatments during the 15 years. In 1990 the pruned trial was again pruned causing a 20% drop in production (p=.06). With no additional pruning yield returned to slightly above the thinned treatment in 1991. This trial demonstrates that Hartley walnut trees (terminal bearing habit) continue to produce satisfactory crops under crowded canopy management but a tree thinning program offers other advantages which also should be considered.

scholarly journals Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Root Growth and Lateral Stability of Quercus virginiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-291
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Forrest Masters
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Trunk Diameter

This research aimed to evaluate impact of slicing the outer edge of container root balls, initial tree size at planting, and root ball composition on post-planting tree stability in a simulated wind storm. One-hundred twenty Cathedral Oak® live oak were planted in March 2005. Thirty field-grown trees were transplanted, and 60 trees of similar size were planted from 170 L containers. Root ball sides on 30 containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty smaller trees from 57 L containers were planted without slicing. Trees were pulled with an electric winch, and blown with a hurricane simulator in 2007. Slicing the root ball had no impact on root growth, bending moment, or bending stress. More bending stress was required to pull field-grown trees than trees planted from containers of either size. Growing trees in containers for three years prior to landscape planting changed root morphology compared to field-grown trees, which corresponded to reduced stability. Trees planted from small containers were as stable as those from larger containers. Root cross-sectional area windward correlated the most with bending stress required to tilt trees with a winch and cable. Bending moment scaled to the 3.4 power of trunk diameter.

scholarly journals Nursery Planting Depth, Mulch Application, and Root Pruning at Landscape Planting Affect Tree Health and Anchorage

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ball Surface ◽  
Root Collar

Influence of root collar depth in a nursery root ball and potential root remediation when planting into the landscape are subject of increasing research. Mulch placement on root ball surface at planting has also been called into question recently. Trees planted deeply in nursery containers required ≥41% more time to remove substrate and roots growing over the root collar at planting than trees planted shallowly. Circling roots on trees planted from 170 L containers persisted for five growing seasons after planting into the landscape unless remediated by pruning at planting. Root remediation improved Ulmus and Acer root systems by dramatically reducing percent trunk circled with roots without influencing post-planting xylem potential, crown growth, or anchorage during the first five years after landscape planting. Mulch placed on the root ball surface caused more re-growth of circling roots on Acer—but not Ulmus—following root remediation. Bending stress to tilt trunks was most correlated with cross-sectional area of leeward and straight roots on Ulmus or windward and straight roots on Acer. The initial increase with time in bending stress required to tilt trunks after planting followed by a drop in bending stress suggests that trees planted from nursery containers could be more susceptible to uprooting in a wind storm as they became established beyond three or four years.

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