Federal Regulation of Aircraft Noise, the Legal Rights of Airport Neighbors, and Legal Aspects of Compatible Land Use

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyman M. Tondel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Federal Regulation

Combatting Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea: Legal Aspects of Sea-Based Engineering Measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-96
Author(s):  
Henrik Ringbom ◽  
Brita Bohman ◽  
Saara Ilvessalo
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Decisive Importance ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Seabed Sediments

AbstractThe main environmental problem of the Baltic Sea is that too many nutrients are being released to the sea (eutrophication). As many of the ‘easy’ measures to reduce the load from land-based sources have been put in place, increasing attention is given to measures to reduce the release of nutrients from the seabed sediments through the use of various technologies at sea, i.e. ‘sea-based’ measures.There is no specific legal framework available for sea-based measures, but a number of provisions set general obligations to protect and preserve the marine environment.The analysis indicates that neither the type of measure nor the geographical location of the activity is of decisive importance for the legal rights and obligations involved. Instead, the legality of any sea-based measure depends on the risks they present balanced against their benefits. There is considerable uncertainty on all these issues, and the matter is further complicated by the fact that both the risks and the benefits of the measures relate to their environmental impact.It is recommended that a regional risk-based framework is established for assessing when and how further research on sea-based technologies can be undertaken in the Baltic Sea.

scholarly journals Legal Mechanisms for Mitigating Flood Impacts in Texas Coastal Communities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Bedford ◽  
Alexis Long ◽  
Thomas Long ◽  
Erin Milliken ◽  
Lauren Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Eminent Domain ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Flood Impacts ◽  
Utility Systems

Flooding is a major source of concern for Texas’ coastal communities. It affects the quality of infrastructure, the lives of citizens, and the ecological systems upon which coastal communities in Texas rely. To plan for and mitigate the impacts of flooding, Texas coastal communities may implement land use tools such as zoning, drainage utility systems, eminent domain, exactions, and easements. Additionally, these communities can benefit from understanding how flooding affects water quality and the tools available to restore water bodies to healthy water quality levels. Finally, implementing additional programs for education and ecotourism will help citizens develop knowledge of the impacts of flooding and ways to plan and mitigate for coastal flooding. Land use tools can help communities plan for and mitigate flooding. Section III addresses zoning, a land use tool that most municipalities already utilize to organize development. Zoning can help mitigate flooding, drainage, and water quality issues, which, Texas coastal communities continually battle. Section IV discusses municipal drainage utility systems, which are a mechanism available to municipalities to generate dedicated funds that can help offset costs associated with providing stormwater management. Section V addresses land use and revenue-building tools such as easements, eminent domain, and exactions, which are vital for maintaining existing and new developments in Texas coastal communities. Additionally, Section VI addresses conservation easements, which are a flexible tool that can enhance community resilience through increasing purchase power, establishing protected legal rights, and minimizing hazardous flood impacts. Maintaining good water quality is important for sustaining the diverse ecosystems located within and around Texas coastal communities. Water quality is regulated at the federal level through the Clean Water Act. As discussed in Section VII, the state of Texas is authorized to implement and enforce these regulations by implementing point source and nonpoint source pollutants programs, issuing permits, implementing stormwater discharge programs, collecting water quality data, and setting water quality standards. The state of Texas also assists local communities with implementing restorative programs, such as Watershed Protection Programs, to help local stakeholders restore impaired water bodies. Section VIII addresses ecotourism and how these distinct economic initiatives can help highlight the importance of ecosystem services to local communities. Section VIX discusses the role of education in improving awareness within the community and among visitors, and how making conscious decisions can allow coastal communities to protect their ecosystem and protect against flooding.

scholarly journals LEGAL ASPECTS OF PROTECTION AND RATIONAL USE OF LANDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Алимардон Азимзода ◽  
Alimardon Azimzoda
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Unused Land ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Adverse Affects

The article focuses on the legal aspects underlying protection and rational use of lands in the Republic of Tajikistan. Subject to analysis are ways of perfection of legal instruments with a view to protection and rational use of lands. The author describes the dehkan (farmer) state of affairs as characterized by the existence of small plots of land which were inefficient in terms of their use and economy. In order to do away with such a situation the legislators of the Republic of Tajikistan suggested to set the minimum size of land plots to be allocated for agricultural purposes. Sanction alone would not prevent irrational land use and adverse affects thereof. For, the objective of rational use and protection of land can be achieved through economic incentives of farmersstakeholders. Particularly, to get the land users interested in exploitation of unused land and make them willing to invest into agricultural development of said lands they should be given these plots and be freed from taxes for the period of first few years.

scholarly journals Aircraft Noise and Land Use Zoning Compatibility around the Juan Santamaría Airport, Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-31
Author(s):  
José Miguel Rivera Acevedo ◽  
Jonathan Agüero Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Aircraft Type ◽  
Level Meter

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the noise generated by aeronautical operations around Juan Santamaría Airport and its compatibility with the land use and the proposed zoning around the airport. Aircraft noise can produce discomfort, interference with daily activities, and excessive vibrations; hence, land use planning around airports is of importance. Maps were prepared through computational models representing the noise levels generated by the operations of the airport. The operations were analyzed by aircraft type, schedules, and flight tracks, for 2013 and projections for: 2016, 2026, and 2036. Noise level data were collected with a sound level meter at 28 points surrounding the airport. Comparing the annual maps of 2013 and 2036 it was determined that 41,24 % of the analyzed area will present clearly perceivable increases (5 dB(A) to 10 dB(A)), and 1,36 % of the area will have double loudness increases (10 dB(A) to 14 dB(A)). The 2016 maps show locations where it is recommended to incorporate solutions in the construction regulation that reduce between 25 dB and 30 dB in the residential and scholar areas located within 65 dB(A) and 70 dB(A), such as Coco, Rincón Monge, Rincón Herrera, and Bajo Sorda. This finding is supported by field measurements. The proposed zoning was contrasted against the yearly day-night average sound level of 2036. The biggest issue of excessive aircraft noise is located near the west runway where a range above the 75 dB(A) is expected. Any edification of permanent residence must be banned in here.  

Some Moral Aspects of Neutrality

1940 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Charles C. Miltner
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Practical Politics

THE war in Europe and our own declared neutrality make the discussion of this subject particularly timely. Much is being said and written on the question as to what is the best procedure to maintain this neutrality: whether we should retain our embargo on arms or not, and whether if lifted or not, we should demand that cash payments be made by all belligerents who purchase goods from us, and that these goods be transported in vessels sailing under the flags of the nations that purchase them. A point which both parties in the controversy try to make is that if their solution is accepted we shall be less likely drawn into war ourselves. Into the merits of this debate we shall not enter. It is one of practical politics, concerned, not directly with the declaration of neutrality or with its justification, but with maintaining such relations with the belligerents as will best safeguard our national rights and most effectively prevent our being drawn out of our neutral status and into the war on one side or the other. The aim of the present paper is rather to examine the conception of neutrality itself, and under its moral, rather than under its immediately legal aspects. Legal justice is not always synonymous with moral justice, and over-insistence on our legal rights is liable to cause us to forget our moral duties of justice and of charity.

Aircraft, noise, and land use.

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Otto
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Aircraft Noise
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