Comparison of white clover and mixed sodgrass as orchard floor vegetation

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Key Words Apple ◽  
Tree Vigour ◽  
Leaf N

Spartan apple trees on M•26 (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstock, planted in 1983, were grown for 8 yr (1985–1992) at 60 and 180 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with five orchard floor vegetation management treatments. A white clover cover over the whole orchard floor increased leaf N concentration relative to complete sod cover, but had negative effects on tree vigour and yield. Maximum vigour and yield occurred when in-row weed competition was controlled in a 1.5-m-strip, regardless of orchard floor vegetation beyond the strip. Key words: Apple, leaf N, orchard floor vegetation management, vigour, yield

EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY OF IRRIGATION ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF APPLE TREES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. NEILSEN ◽  
D. S. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Leaf N

Throughout the 1980–1983 growing seasons, ’Summerland Red McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on M.26 rootstock growing outdoors in large buried pots with a range of N nutrition were irrigated daily or twice weekly with the same quantity of water (equivalent to 5.9 mm∙day−1) Irrigation frequency affected leaf nutrient concentration; leaf Mn and Zn increased in 3 of 4 yr, leaf Ca and Mg in 2 yr and leaf N in 1 yr at the daily irrigation frequency.Key words: Irrigation frequency, McIntosh apple trees, leaf N, leaf Ca, leaf Mg, leaf Zn, leaf Mn

Response of apple trees to fertigation-induced soil acidification

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
W. D. Wolk ◽  
O. L. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Basic Cation ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Tree Vigour

Summerland McIntosh apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.)on M.9 rootstock were fertigated for the first 3 yr after planting with all combinations of two rates of N (23.5 and 47.0 g tree−1) and three rates of P (0, 17.5 and 35 g tree−1). During this period, soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) beneath and near the drip emitters declined from 5.8 to < 4.0. Rate of fertigated N had few measurable effects on the trees. In contrast, fertigated P increased first-year tree vigour, second-year tree yield, and sometimes leaf Ca and Mg and leaf and fruit P concentrations. None of these nutrient concentrations were near critical values. Fertigated P also decreased leaf concentrations of K and Cu, which reached deficiency after 3 yr, and did not ameliorate the decline in tree vigour attributed to soil acidification. Increased Mn concentration in leaves was the most distinctive plant indicator of soil acidification, while decreased leaf K was the most important basic cation affected. Fruit Ca was not affected by the decrease in soil Ca availability. Key words: Vigour, yield, fruit Ca, leaf K, Mn and Cu

scholarly journals Nitrogen use efficiency and critical leaf N concentration of Aloe vera in urea and diammonium phosphate amended soil

Heliyon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. e05718
Author(s):  
Md. Akhter Hossain Chowdhury ◽  
Taslima Sultana ◽  
Md. Arifur Rahman ◽  
Tanzin Chowdhury ◽  
Christian Ebere Enyoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Diammonium Phosphate ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf N ◽  
Amended Soil

scholarly journals Hybridisation of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. with Malus × domestica Borkh. and Implications for the Production of Forest Reproductive Material

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Mateja Kišek ◽  
Kristjan Jarni ◽  
Robert Brus
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Forest Reproductive Material ◽  
Reproductive Material ◽  
Crab Apple

This study focuses on the morphological and genetic characteristics of European crab apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the occurrence of hybrids in its populations. We analyzed a total of 107 putative European crab apple trees in Slovenia: 92 from nine natural populations, five from a seed stand and 10 from a stand of unnatural origin. We also included 18 domesticated apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and two Japanese flowering crab apple trees (Malusfloribunda van Houtte) as outliers. The trees were classified into groups of European crab apples, hybrids and domesticated apples according to their morphological and genetic characteristics. Classification based on morphological traits produced different results (58.75% European crab apple, 37.11% hybrids and 4.14% domesticated apple) compared to those based on genetic analysis (70.10% European crab apple, 21.64% hybrids and 8.26% domesticated apple). When genetic and morphological characteristics were combined, only 40.20% of the trees were classified as European crab apple, and an additional group of feral cultivars of domesticated apples (6.18%) was identified. The analysis revealed that hybridization with domesticated apple is taking place in all studied natural European crab apple populations; however, hybrids and feral cultivars only occur to a limited extent. When introducing European crab apple into forests in the future, only genetically verified forest reproductive material obtained exclusively from suitable seed stands should be used.

Sunrise apple

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Lane ◽  
R. A. MacDonald ◽  
K. O. Lapins ◽  
O. L. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
Key Words Apple

Sunrise apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) has firm, crisp fruit with bright attractive colour. It matures in mid-August. The tree is easily managed, but its fruit has a short shelf life. Key words: Apple, cultivar description

Long-term effects of preplant liming on apple trees and soil cation levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
P. B. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Words Apple

Nine years after liming a sandy loam orchard soil to pH 6.0 with calcium hydroxide or dolomitic lime, pH and extractable Ca and Mg were still higher where limed than where unlimed. However, pH had decreased below 5.0 in the limed and N-fertilized plots. Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple tree nutrition benefited from the two soil amendments. Leaf Mg was increased by dolomite. Leaf Ca was increased by calcium hydroxide. Leaf Mn, although highest in unlimed soils, increased over time for both limed and unlimed soil. Key words: Apple, lime application, reacidification

Optical sensing estimation of leaf nitrogen concentration in maize across a range of water-stress levels

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong-Chao Wang ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
You-Cai Xiong ◽  
M. Farrukh Saleem ◽  
Feng-Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Optical Sensing ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Leaf N

Optical sensing techniques offer an instant estimation of leaf nitrogen (N) concentration during the crop growing season. Differences in plant-moisture status, however, can obscure the detection of differences in N levels. This study presents a vegetation index that robustly measures differences in foliar N levels across a range of plant moisture levels. A controlled glasshouse study with maize (Zea mays L.) subjected to both water and N regimes was conducted in Ottawa, Canada. The purpose of the study was to identify spectral waveband(s), or indices derived from different wavebands, such as the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), that are capable of detecting variations in leaf N concentration in response to different water and N stresses. The experimental design includes three N rates and three water regimes in a factorial arrangement. Leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance (400–1075 nm) were measured on the uppermost fully expanded leaves at the V6, V9 and V12 growth stages (6th, 9th and 12th leaves fully expanded). N concentrations of the same leaves were determined using destructive sampling. A quantitative relationship between leaf N concentration and the normalised chlorophyll index (normalised to well fertilised and well irrigated plants) was established. Leaf N concentration was also a linear function (R2 = 0.9, P < 0.01) of reflectance index (NDVI550, 760) at the V9 and V12 growth stages. Chlorophyll index increased with N nutrition, but decreased with water stress. Leaf reflectance at wavebands of 550 ± 5 nm and 760 ± 5 nm were able to separate water- and N-stressed plants from normal growing plants with sufficient water and N supply. Our results suggest that NDVI550, 760 and normalised chlorophyll index hold promise for the assessment of leaf N concentration at the leaf level of both normal and water-stressed maize plants.

scholarly journals Shifts in Leaf and Branch Elemental Compositions of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) Following Three-Year Rainfall Exclusion

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Tian Lin ◽  
Xuan Fang ◽  
Yongru Lai ◽  
Huaizhou Zheng ◽  
Jinmao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pinus Massoniana Lamb ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf N

We investigated changes in leaf and branch stoichiometry of Pinus massoniana caused by seasonal variation and experimental drought in response to a three-year manipulation of the rainfall exclusion. The results showed that (1) in response to rainfall exclusion manipulation, plant capacity to regulate leaf potassium (K) concentrations were notably lower than for leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Thus, the plants modulated leaf N and P concentrations to improve water use efficiency, which take part in drought resistance mechanisms. Leaf K concentrations decreased continuously, having additional indirect negative effects on plant fitness. (2) The effects of seasonal variation on both the leaf K and P concentrations were significantly stronger than on leaf N concentrations. High leaf N and P concentrations and a low N:P ratio in the growing season improved the growth rate. (3) Principal component analyses (PCA) revealed that to adapt to drought, the plants regulated nutrient elements and then maintained certain stoichiometries as a capital to resist stress. Our results suggest that, on nutrient-poor soils, a lack of N or P (or both) would probably impede P. massoniana’s response to drought.

scholarly journals Estimating Plant Nitrogen Concentration of Maize Using a Leaf Fluorescence Sensor across Growth Stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1139
Author(s):  
Rui Dong ◽  
Yuxin Miao ◽  
Xinbing Wang ◽  
Zhichao Chen ◽  
Fei Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Fluorescence Sensor ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fluorescence Sensors ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Status ◽  
Leaf N

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most essential nutrients that can significantly affect crop grain yield and quality. The implementation of proximal and remote sensing technologies in precision agriculture has provided new opportunities for non-destructive and real-time diagnosis of crop N status and precision N management. Notably, leaf fluorescence sensors have shown high potential in the accurate estimation of plant N status. However, most studies using leaf fluorescence sensors have mainly focused on the estimation of leaf N concentration (LNC) rather than plant N concentration (PNC). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the relationship of maize (Zea mays L.) LNC and PNC, (2) evaluate the main factors influencing the variations of leaf fluorescence sensor parameters, and (3) establish a general model to estimate PNC directly across growth stages. A leaf fluorescence sensor, Dualex 4, was used to test maize leaves with three different positions across four growth stages in two fields with different soil types, planting densities, and N application rates in Northeast China in 2016 and 2017. The results indicated that the total leaf N concentration (TLNC) and PNC had a strong correlation (R2 = 0.91 to 0.98) with the single leaf N concentration (SLNC). The TLNC and PNC were affected by maize growth stage and N application rate but not the soil type. When used in combination with the days after sowing (DAS) parameter, modified Dualex 4 indices showed strong relationships with TLNC and PNC across growth stages. Both modified chlorophyll concentration (mChl) and modified N balance index (mNBI) were reliable predictors of PNC. Good results could be achieved by using information obtained only from the newly fully expanded leaves before the tasseling stage (VT) and the leaves above panicle at the VT stage to estimate PNC. It is concluded that when used together with DAS, the leaf fluorescence sensor (Dualex 4) can be used to reliably estimate maize PNC across growth stages.

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